写好英语段落的三个标准

首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。

【第1句】：统一性

一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的?；褂?，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关?？忌谒募锻晨嫉淖魑木砩铣３Ｒ蛭斐鰅rrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：

My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby.

从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。

【第2句】：完整性

正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming “Help”?

【第3句】：连贯性(coherence)

连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。

1)、意连

段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的'次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)

We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

本段从“rose”(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”， “closing at nine o'clock”)，然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。

B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：

From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(“from a distance”)写起，然后“get closer”，再到(“ten feet away”)，最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。

C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)

a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)

If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。

b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。

c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)

I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。

2)、形连

行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：

Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them; however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， during his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.

本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases)，另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。

一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：

Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

【第4句】：有损连贯性的几种情况：

考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：

【第1句】：不必要的改变时态，比如：

In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway.

【第2句】：不必要的改变单复数，比如：

Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.

【第3句】：不必要的改变人称，比如：

Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.

因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。

描写好朋友的段落

【第1句】：任何情况下，背后不说他人是非。如果一定要你说，说好话。多个朋友是好事，即使不是很要好的，总比因为自己说话不慎重不思考而多一个敌人好得多。

【第2句】：一个人能走多远，要看他与谁同行；一个人多么优秀，要看他身边有什么样的朋友；一个人能有多大的成就，要看他有谁指点。

【第3句】：不管多久没见面，我们彼此都还是老样子，脾气差，说话大声，不注意仪表，可是永远笑得那么开心。朋友，就是无论分开生活多久，再相聚也不会尴尬，会为你的伤心而心疼。

【第4句】：平时的时候，多和你的朋友沟通交流一下，不要等到需要朋友的帮助时，才想到要和他们联系，到了社会，你才会知道，能够认识一个真正的.朋友，有多难。

【第5句】：为你的难过而快乐的，是敌人；为你的快乐而快乐的，是朋友；为你的难过而难过的，就是那些该放进心里的人。

【第6句】：正如要在路旁多栽树一样，我们也要在自己的人生路上多交些知心朋友，那么你这一路走来，便会是馨香满怀，心旷神怡。爱人是路，朋友是树。一路上有朋友相伴，但千万莫忘路，也别迷路。

【第7句】：如果有一天你想哭，给我打电话，我无法许诺让你笑，但我可以默默地陪着你；因为我们是真正的朋友，所以我愿意分享你的悲伤与欢笑，不要觉得这是打扰，这是友情。

【第8句】：当我在死胡同时，你为我开辟一条新路：当我在困在海中央时，你为我造出一条小船。

【第9句】：如果你的朋友有点疯，请好好珍惜！她们可能看起来很凶，其实内心是最柔软的；她们看起来很冷淡，但那只是?；ぷ约旱姆椒?；她们很重视友情，但被伤害后绝对不再友善她们很容易被感动，但感动中又保有理智；她们可能看起来很坚强，其实是最脆弱的；她们不爱记仇，但谁对她好谁对她不好，她还是记得很清楚的。

【第10句】：跟朋友装沉默，跟陌生人讲心里话。对于在乎你的，不想让他们担心，有时候，没有消息就是一种好消息。其实，很想说“我很好”，或许是昧着心说谎，也只是想把最灿烂的一面，放在每个人对自己印象的首页。

【第11句】：曾经的我们一起欢笑打闹，一起为不及格的分数苦恼和傻笑，一起为踏入社会而迷茫。也许在那第一年我们是最好朋友，第二年是很好的朋友，再下一年是不常说话的朋友，第四年可能是连话都不想说的朋友。即使这样，也想对曾经在生命中出现过的朋友说：你是特别的，因为你的出现让我的生命更精彩。

描写好班长的段落

【第1句】：他的头大大的、眼睛小小的，鼻子上架着一副眼镜。嘴巴小小的，但一说话来可不得了。每次收作业的'时候总是滔滔不绝地喊着：“收作业了、收作业了，大家快点快点！”大家可千万别以为他是个急性子，他跑起步来可没这么着急，慢腾腾的，每次都是第一个出发，最后回来。

【第2句】：班长还记得第一次训练吗？齐步走我终是同手同脚。你耐着性子给我教一边又一边。那一次训练我忘了带手套，零下三十多度啊，你摘下手套命令我带上。零下三十度什么概念啊，北极被这也就冷十来度。那天你的手冻的通红。班长还记得第一次跑五公里吗？穿棉衣棉裤大头鞋。班长别说跑走五公里都能累死人啊。我们一个星期下来都喊脚疼。你说好了要给嫂子打电话。但看着我们这帮家伙你那起红花油就 给我们搽。嫂子说你不讲信用。班长还记得第一次站岗吗？那次刮着西风，你让我面朝东。你在风里冻的跺脚。你告诉我有一天当班长了也把困难留给自己。班长还 记得那次考核吗？哪次连长说谁枪打不合格从耙场怕回来。你知到我心里素质不行就帮我补了两枪。后来你自己从靶场爬了回来。几千米呢，走路都的十几分钟。

【第3句】：他很幽默，有一次我问他：“你在桥上走，左边是狼、右边是鬼，下面是一条鳄鱼和很深的水。假如你只有一把剑，你要射哪个人？”他毫不犹豫地说： “射自己?！卑盐腋λ懒恕Ｋ唤鲇哪?，还很聪明。有一次，老师出了一个很深奥的问题，我们都不会，连邴耀奕都被难住了，就他举着高高地手，一下子就回答 出来了。真是厉害。

【第4句】：在《送战友》的路上老班长紧紧握住我的手对我说《送你一枚小弹壳》，那是他在打靶时偷偷留下来的，我满怀眼泪挥手告别《再见吧！老兵》！继续留 队的我也成为了一名老班长，每当掏出老班长送的小弹壳就禁不住《怀念战友》，《战友，还记得吗？》当初我们一起摸爬滚打的日子？！有多少次我对着远方呐 喊：“老班长，永远永远《我是你的兵》”！老兵走后，无边的空寂夜我无数次心里对自己说《你有些想家吗？》，终于该我《回家探亲》的日子，我打点行囊回家 见到了我的《妈妈》，可怜天下父母心，母亲的百般呵护真正让我感受到了什么叫作《人间第一情》！

写好议论文的核心段落的方法

议论文核心语段写作技巧探究

要掌握核心语段的基本结构

模式：主题句+支撑句【第1句】：【第2句】：【第3句】：4……

核心语段的组合不必太繁复，应追求中心清楚,层次明晰，所以一般采取总分结构，形成“主题句+支撑句”的形式。

中心句通常位于段首。支撑句从不同角度、深度、广度来证明主题句。支撑句可以按并列、递进、转折、因果、条件、承接等关系组合。

例如：①虚怀若谷，是人高尚情操的表现，也只有具备了这一点，才是健全的品格。②三国周瑜，年少有为，才智过人，堪称一代儒将。③可是面对足智多谋“运筹帷幄决胜于千里之外”的诸葛孔明，周瑜不是虚心向他人学习，而是忌妒诸葛亮的才华，不肯承认诸葛亮比自己棋高一着的事实，反而发出“既生瑜何生亮”的慨叹，最终忧愤而死。④这一史实说明了嫉妒的危害，它就像绊脚石，阻碍我们的发展，使我们不能清楚地认识自己的缺点，更不利于健康品格的形成。

【分析】此段采用了例证法。由四个句子组成?！爸魈饩洹笔洽伲冖邰苁侵С啪?。第2句和第3句是转折关系第3句和第4句之间是承接关系。整段话清晰明白，有理有据。

主题句即观点句。其主要内容要用概括的关键词明确表达，后面的主题句才有充分展开分述的空间，也才能给结论留下回扣的对应点。例如

自信比相信天命更有意义。（观点句）一般人通常喜欢相信天命，在他们的意识里，任何事物都归于上天的安排（过渡句）：生命从上天获得，健康有上天保佑，饮食靠上天赏赐，利益有上天赠与。（概括叙述现象）过分地相信上天，结果把自己的主权毫无条件地送给了神明，而不知道自己的命运要靠自己主宰的道理。（分析现象的危害）只有自信才能主宰自己的命运：黑暗的可以变成光明，悲伤的`可以化为幸福，崎岖不平的道路可以铺成平坦光明的坦途。（阐释道理）要相信自己的生活幸福、精神愉快、前途光明都得靠自己争取，凡事靠自己的双手去创造，比依赖神明的支配不是更加实惠吗？（揭示普遍道理）

【分析】观点要靠事实说话，但这绝不意味着可以用观点加材料的简单公式便可以自然地得出结论。要知道，再典型的事例也只是个案，现象的背后都可能包含普遍的道理，但需要科学的归纳，理性的提炼。这个归纳和提炼的过程就是从感觉中提升感悟的过程。//这种思路通常的组织形式是：①段首观点句，②引用具体的事例（可以是单个经历，也可以是多则事件；可以是百态列举，也可以是世象组合。引用事例要把握一个尺度，如果是引用单个经历可以适当详细些，如果是多则事件就要采用排比或者定语扩展的方式记述，千万不能逐一展开详细的描述），③对事件作分析评价，④揭示出普遍的社会属性或人生道理。

例如：《还有一个苹果》

坚定的信念是摆脱困境的制胜法宝。（段首观点句）//一场突然而至的沙尘暴，让一个穿越沙漠的独行侠迷失了方向，更可怕的是他的干粮和水包不幸被风暴卷走。翻遍所有的衣袋，他只找到一个泛青的酸苹果?？删褪钦飧霾黄鹧鄣钠还盟业搅饲笊男拍?。他走过了不知多远的路程，摔了不知多个跟头，嘴唇干裂了无数道口子，衣服经历了无数便湿了又干，干了又湿的反复折腾。他的心中一直默念着：“我还有一个苹果……”，三天后，他终于走出了沙漠。（描述一个具体的事例）//沙漠独行侠的经历让我们悟出了一个人生的命题：只要你信念的旗帜不倒，你就又走出困境的可能。//在生命的旅程中，我们常常会遇到始料不及的挫折或失败，会身陷意外的困境，心遭不测的打击，这时，不要轻易地放弃。其实，只要心存不灭的信念，努力寻找，你会惊讶地发现事情远非想象的那么糟糕。（对事件作分析评价）//只要你有战胜困难的勇气，你一定能够找到摆脱危险，渡过难关的“苹果”，握紧她，就没有穿越不了的沙漠。（揭示普遍的规律）