SAMPLE 6

　　[历史学类]

　　题目序号

　　题型归类

　　第1题

　　审题定位题型

　　第2题

　　细节理解题型

　　第3题

　　归纳推导题型

　　第4题

　　细节理解题型

　　第5题

　　审题定位题型

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of theUnited States by applying new social research findings on the experiences ofEuropean migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizingprinciple for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. Hisapproach rests on four separate propositions.

　　The first of these asserts that residents of early modern Englandmoved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simplya natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction forthe English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenthcentury people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as theland of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion thatused to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical NewWorld community. For example, the economic and demographic character of earlyNew England towns varied considerably.

　　Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing amongthe many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, anothercame to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. Thesecolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who cameto preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers wererecruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

　　Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilizedhinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insistthat the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide theempire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues theachievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that highculture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what ofseventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respondthat New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developedby New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

　　Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands ofindentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to linktheir experience with the political development of the United States. Evidencepresented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. Theseindentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they hadsold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon asthey served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed westto ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in thewest that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists whowere suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

　　1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonialNorth America is supported by information in the text?

　　[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America cameas indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

　　[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants weremore successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

　　[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful atacquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenthcentury.

　　[D] By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand byAmerican employers than were unskilled laborers.

　　2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

　　[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and politicalinterdependence of the colonies and England.

　　[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgroundspreserved their culture in the United States.

　　[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences ofcolonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

　　[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political valuesthat eventually shaped the character of the United States.

　　3. Which of the following best summarizes the authors evaluationof Bailyns fourth proposition?

　　[A] It is totally implausible.

　　[B] It is partially acceptable.

　　[C] It is highly admirable.

　　[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

　　4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which ofthe following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

　　[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture ofEngland.

　　[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generallybeen unrecognized by historians.

　　[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did notdevelop a culture that was uniquely their own.

　　[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the highculture of New England.

　　5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about Bailyns work?

　　[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on NorthAmerican culture.

　　[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies onGreat Britain.

　　[C] Bailyns description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire ismisleading and incorrect.

　　[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group ofmigrants to colonial North America.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中的migrants一词暗示本题的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因为这两段的首句都含有migrants一词。又根据题干中的supported一词，我们可以推断出本题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段，因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来支持自己的观点。通过仔细阅读和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力，更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题。题干中的failed一词暗示本题的答案信息应该在尾段，因为尾段中含有fails一词。根据阅读和理解首段尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的Bailyns fourth proposition将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段。通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话，尤其是第二、三句话和四、五句话，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容，更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的culture一词暗示本题的答案信息来源在第四段，因为第四段首句包含culture一词。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，尤其是第四句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是A。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义，以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，这是一个由转折词however引导的句子。通过仔细阅读理解本句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是A。考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语，因为这往往是出题的重点。

　　[参考译文]

　　Bernard Bailyn最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史。在他的重新解释中，迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据。其主张可分为四个独立的观点。

　　第一点断言，近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动，因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种自然外流。虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力他们宁愿留在本土。到18世纪时，移往美洲的人数却增加了，因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方。第二，Bailyn认为，和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反，从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会，例如，早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就很不相同。

　　Bailyn的第三个观点是，成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型：一组是签约的仆人，另一组是为土地而来。令人惊异的是：Bailyn认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力。这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性。起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召，然而到了18世纪30年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。

　　第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地。在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。但是如何看待17世纪的新英格兰呢?移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律，创建了著名的大学，出版了书籍。Bailyn可能会说，新英格兰是个特例。不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。

　　尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。他的书中有证据表明，我们本来可以建立这样一种联系。在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里，这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶。毫不奇怪，一旦他们服役期满，就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部，通过获得土地来保障个人独立。因此，一种特殊的美国政治文化开始于西部，那些怀疑权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中。

　　SAMPLE 6

　　[历史学类]

　　题目序号

　　题型归类

　　第1题

　　审题定位题型

　　第2题

　　细节理解题型

　　第3题

　　归纳推导题型

　　第4题

　　细节理解题型

　　第5题

　　审题定位题型

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of theUnited States by applying new social research findings on the experiences ofEuropean migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizingprinciple for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. Hisapproach rests on four separate propositions.

　　The first of these asserts that residents of early modern Englandmoved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simplya natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction forthe English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenthcentury people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as theland of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion thatused to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical NewWorld community. For example, the economic and demographic character of earlyNew England towns varied considerably.

　　Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing amongthe many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, anothercame to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruitedindentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. Thesecolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who cameto preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers wererecruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

　　Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilizedhinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insistthat the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide theempire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues theachievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that highculture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what ofseventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws,built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respondthat New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developedby New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

　　Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands ofindentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to linktheir experience with the political development of the United States. Evidencepresented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. Theseindentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they hadsold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon asthey served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed westto ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in thewest that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists whowere suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

　　1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonialNorth America is supported by information in the text?

　　[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America cameas indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

　　[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants weremore successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

　　[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful atacquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenthcentury.

　　[D] By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand byAmerican employers than were unskilled laborers.

　　2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

　　[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and politicalinterdependence of the colonies and England.

　　[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgroundspreserved their culture in the United States.

　　[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences ofcolonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

　　[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political valuesthat eventually shaped the character of the United States.

　　3. Which of the following best summarizes the authors evaluationof Bailyns fourth proposition?

　　[A] It is totally implausible.

　　[B] It is partially acceptable.

　　[C] It is highly admirable.

　　[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

　　4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which ofthe following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

　　[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture ofEngland.

　　[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generallybeen unrecognized by historians.

　　[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did notdevelop a culture that was uniquely their own.

　　[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the highculture of New England.

　　5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about Bailyns work?

　　[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on NorthAmerican culture.

　　[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies onGreat Britain.

　　[C] Bailyns description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire ismisleading and incorrect.

　　[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group ofmigrants to colonial North America.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中的migrants一词暗示本题的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因为这两段的首句都含有migrants一词。又根据题干中的supported一词，我们可以推断出本题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段，因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来支持自己的观点。通过仔细阅读和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力，更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题。题干中的failed一词暗示本题的答案信息应该在尾段，因为尾段中含有fails一词。根据阅读和理解首段尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的Bailyns fourth proposition将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段。通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话，尤其是第二、三句话和四、五句话，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容，更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的culture一词暗示本题的答案信息来源在第四段，因为第四段首句包含culture一词。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，尤其是第四句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是A。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义，以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，这是一个由转折词however引导的句子。通过仔细阅读理解本句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是A。考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语，因为这往往是出题的重点。

　　[参考译文]

　　Bernard Bailyn最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史。在他的重新解释中，迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据。其主张可分为四个独立的观点。

　　第一点断言，近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动，因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种自然外流。虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力他们宁愿留在本土。到18世纪时，移往美洲的人数却增加了，因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方。第二，Bailyn认为，和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反，从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会，例如，早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就很不相同。

　　Bailyn的第三个观点是，成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型：一组是签约的仆人，另一组是为土地而来。令人惊异的是：Bailyn认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力。这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性。起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召，然而到了18世纪30年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。

　　第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地。在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。但是如何看待17世纪的新英格兰呢?移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律，创建了著名的大学，出版了书籍。Bailyn可能会说，新英格兰是个特例。不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。

　　尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。他的书中有证据表明，我们本来可以建立这样一种联系。在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里，这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶。毫不奇怪，一旦他们服役期满，就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部，通过获得土地来保障个人独立。因此，一种特殊的美国政治文化开始于西部，那些怀疑权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中。