If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades

　　注：D选项是错误推理

　　70. The phrase token economies probably refers to _________.

　　A) ways to develop economy

　　B) systems of rewarding students

　　C) approaches to solving problems

　　D) methods of improving performance

　　注：1.token economy 是与 外部奖励 有关的内容

　　2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主题词 reward

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:

　　61. By ... challenges explanation the author means that _________

　　A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon

　　B) no explanation has been made up to now

　　C) it s no easy job to provide an adequate explanation

　　D) it s high time that an explanation was provided

　　注：词汇题

　　If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades

　　注：D选项是错误推理

　　70. The phrase token economies probably refers to _________.

　　A) ways to develop economy

　　B) systems of rewarding students

　　C) approaches to solving problems

　　D) methods of improving performance

　　注：1.token economy 是与 外部奖励 有关的内容

　　2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主题词 reward

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:

　　61. By ... challenges explanation the author means that _________

　　A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon

　　B) no explanation has been made up to now

　　C) it s no easy job to provide an adequate explanation

　　D) it s high time that an explanation was provided

　　注：词汇题