同学们，大家好!

　　这一讲我们一起来分析一下非谓语动词等语法项目的测试特点和应对策略。

　　一、 非谓语动词

　　近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：

　　1、非谓语动词考查特点

　　1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断

　　对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：

　　All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

　　A. had been canceled B. have been canceled

　　C. were canceled D. having been canceled

　　四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。

　　2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择

　　谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：

　　① I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making B. your delaying making

　　C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make

　　② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have

　　got in.

　　A. to close B. closing

　　C. to have closed D. having closed

　　③ Your hair wants ______ . Youd better have it done tomorrow.

　　A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut

　　这类题涉及三个方面：

　　谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词?

　　即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别?

　　不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式?

　　3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择

　　从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：

　　对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：

　　① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys

　　telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

　　A. accomplished B. being accomplished

　　C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

　　② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor

　　and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.

　　A. to correct B. correcting

　　C. having been corrected D. being corrected

　　同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。

　　对固定结构的考查，如：

　　① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his

　　arguments in favor of the new theory.

　　A. to be based on B. to base on

　　C. which to base on D. on which to base

　　② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it

　　also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

　　A. to compete B. competing

　　C. to be competed D. having competed

　　①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。

　　4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择

　　做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：

　　① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

　　A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being Believed

　　② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.

　　A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　　③ Realizing that he hadnt enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

　　A. not wanted 　　B. no to want 　　C. not wanting　　 D. wanting not

　　④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

　　A. Believe 　　B. To believe 　　C. Believing 　　D. Believed

　　从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：

　　状语类别的判断

　　不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。

　　非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系

　　根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。

　　非谓语动词的否定形式

　　not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。

　　 独立成分

　　有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:

　　generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

　　5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择

　　做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：

　　① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

　　A. install 　　B. to install 　　C. to be installed 　　D. installed

　　② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory

　　dispute ______.

　　A. being settled 　　B. to be settled 　　C. had settled 　　D. as settled

　　③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.

　　A. to be advertised 　　B. advertised 　　C. advertise 　　D. advertising

　　④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.

　　A. wondered 　　B. wonder 　　C. to wonder 　　D. wondering

　　⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

　　A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　　⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the

　　audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A. having seated 　　B. seating 　　C. seated　　 D. having been seated

　　考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。

　　have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。

　　regard类后面的宾语补足语

　　with独立分句后面的

　　常用动词后面的宾语补足语。

　　6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择

　　表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：

　　① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the

　　mountain.

　　A. isolated 　　B. isolating 　　C. being isolated 　　D. having been isolated

　　② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.

　　A. unrecorded 　　B. to be unrecorded 　　C. unrecording 　　D. to have been unrecorded

　　分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。

　　7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择

　　to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：

　　① I have no objection _______ your story again.

　　A. to hear 　　B. to hearing 　　C. to having heard 　　D. to have heard

　　② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

　　A. to dealing 　　B. in dealing 　　C. dealing 　　D. to deal

　　③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager

　　of the company.

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质;另一种是to在题干中，如③。

　　8) 分词前连词的使用

　　分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况

　　根据连词选择适当的分词形式

　　Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.

　　A. scolding 　　B. to scold 　　C. having scolded 　　D. scolded

　　when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。

　　根据状语的功能选择不同的连词

　　Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of

　　patient do not take drugs ___ directed.

　　A. like 　　B. so 　　C. which 　　D. as

　　由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。

　　9) 非谓语动词的体

　　非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。

　　动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。

　　不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：

　　① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　　having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。

　　② Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.

　　A. to get worse 　　B. to be getting worse 　　C. to have got worse 　　D. getting worse

　　从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。

　　③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.

　　A. being delivered 　　B. was delivered 　　C. be delivered 　　D. having been delivered

　　该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。

　　10)动名词复合结构

　　动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：

　　① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents

　　wished for.

　　A. The girl was educated 　　B. The girl educated

　　C. The girls being educated　　 D. The girl to be educated

　　本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。

　　② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.

　　A. there being a chance 　　B. there to be a chance

　　C. there be a chance 　　D. being a chance

　　介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。

　　③ I dont mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making 　　B. your delaying making

　　C. you delaying to make 　　D. you delay to make

　　Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。

　　④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.

　　A. your keeping 　　B. you to keep 　　C. that you keep 　　D. that you will keep

　　2.非谓语动词解题策略

　　1)正确判断非谓语动词

　　这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。

　　All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　A. considered 　　B. be considered 　　C. considering 　　D. having considered

　　句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。

　　____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

　　A. Other things being equal 　　B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal

　　做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为A。

　　4) 判断动名词复合结构的方式

　　主语位置上，或动词、介词后的名词代词 + 非谓语动词，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：

　　He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.

　　A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left

　　insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求开着窗子睡觉，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。

　　The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.

　　A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked

　　做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是交通堵塞，而不是被堵的道路，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。

　　The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.

　　A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted

　　消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是被录取的孩子，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。

　　3) 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系

　　正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：

　　如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词;

　　如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词;