2024届高考英语一轮复习语法考点讲练：第八专题

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　　知识盘点真题探究 ?

　　介词是英语中比较活跃的词, 中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活, 意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。今后高考对介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时,考生应重点掌握介词的基本用法, 同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。考点1　介词的基本用法知识盘点真题探究介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。 1.介词按其词义分为下列常见的几种: (1)表地点(包括动向),如about, above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without等。注意:有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across, around, near, over, towards外,还有among, behind, beneath, between, on, to, under等。 (2)表时间, 如about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by,

　　知识盘点真题探究 during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within等。 (3)表除去,如besides, but, except等。 (4)表比较,如as, like, above, over等。 (5)表赞成、反对,如against, for, with等。 (6)表原因、目的, 如for, from, with等。 (7)表结果,如to, with, without等。 (8)表手段、方式,如by, in, with等。知识盘点真题探究 (9)表所属,如of, with等。 (10)表条件,如on, without, considering等。 (11)表让步,如despite, in spite of等。 (12)表关于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等。 (13)表对于,如to, for, over, at, with等。 (14)表根据,如on, according to等。 (15)表其他,如without(没有)等。知识盘点真题探究 2.介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成分,介词后必须与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件等之间的关系。 (1)作定语: The book on the table is mine. 桌上的书是我的。 (2)作状语: We have breakfast at seven.我们在七点钟吃早餐。(表时间) They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.由于下大雨他们知识盘点真题探究开会迟到了。(表原因) They started the machine by pressing the button.他们按下按扭,开动了机器。(表方法) (3)作表语: My dictionary is in the bag.我的词典在包里。 (4)作宾语补足语: I found him in the office. 我发现他在办公室。考点2　常见介词的活用知识盘点真题探究 by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义以及准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词, 应重点掌握: 1.over可表位置,意为“在……正上方;越过;遮住;盖住”,也可表时间,意为“在……期间;(多年)以来”等,它还有“在……(问题)上;对(某事)”等引申意义。如: We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。 2.by的主要意思有“在……旁;靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为知识盘点真题探究止;被;由;根据;按照(关系);通过……方式”等,还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有: by and by“不久;很快”; by oneself“单独”; by the way“顺便说说”; by far...“……得多;最……”; by accident“偶然地”; by means of“借助;依靠”; by no means“决不;一点也不”; by mistake“错误地”。如: The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上涨了两米。 3.with可以用来表示“带有;拥有;随着;就……来说;用;以;和;与;对于;关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如: 知识盘点真题探究 He turned red with anger.他气得脸都变红了。 4.beyond这个词也是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了;比……晚;迟于;(位置)在……那边;超出……之外;(范围)超过;为……所不及;超出……的范围”等意思。如: The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。 Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。考点3　介词的固定搭配高考主要考查考生对介词固定搭配的掌握程度、对介词短语意义知识盘点真题探究的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。 1.名词短语:on the contrary“相反”;in turn“依次”;in one??s opin-ion“根据某人的看法”;out of reach“够不着”。 2.动词短语:remind sb of sth“提醒某人某事”;rob sb of sth“抢劫某人某物”;call at“访问(某地)”。 3.形容词短语:be curious about“对……好奇”;be proud of“因……而自豪”;be popular with“受到……的欢迎”。 4.介词短语:apart from“除……外”; in addition to“除……之外(还)”;because of“因为”;instead of“代替”;in fear of“害怕;为…… 知识盘点真题探究提心吊胆”;for fear of“以免”;in case of“以防”; thanks to“由于”; in the middle of“在……中间”;according to“根据”;in front of“在……前面”;in return for“作为对……的回报”;in charge of“负责”;as a result of“作为……的结果”;in exchange for“与……交换”。考点4　核心介词用法归纳与辨析 1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in, 如:in the 1990s, in January, in (the) winter。in和during表一段时间内时两词通常可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别:当接知识盘点真题探究表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during, 接“活动”的动名词及短语时多用in。如:during the discussion, in discussing the problem, dur-ing her stay in Hubei, in playing basketball, during the course, in dig-ging the tunnel。 2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。 3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。有些时间名词前有one, each, any, every, some, all, next, last, that修饰时,不接介词。如:that day, next Sunday, some day, one day。 4.till, until, to的用法知识盘点真题探究 (1)till(until)与持续性动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂性动词连用一般用在否定句中。如: He waited for me till twelve o??clock. 他等我,一直等到十二点钟。 He didn??t get up till (until) 10 am. (不可用to) 他直到上午十点才起床。注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如: Not until 9 am did Mr Smith come back to school. 直到上午九点史密斯先生才回学校。 (2)to表“终结”时常和from连用, 但要注意不与from连用时的意义知识盘点真题探究。如: from July to September, from six to (till) eight,在from morning till night(从早到晚)中不能用to。 5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 (1)by the year / hour / day“按年/小时/天”,to the pound“按磅算”, to the ton“按吨计”。 (2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post, by telephone (radio),on the phone, on the radio, on TV, by electricity, through practice, through experi-ence, through the telescope。知识盘点真题探究 (3)交通工具类。另外:by means of“用……方法”, by way of“经由;取道于;用……方法”, with the help / permission of sb (with sb??s help / permission)“在……帮助下”。 (4)表方式、手段的其他用法。如: He beat the dog with a whip. (with +工具、机器) One smells with his nose. (with +人体器官, 但by hand“手工;用手”) He stood up with pride. (with +表示情绪、情感、态度的名词) 注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English / ink / pencil。 6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较知识盘点真题探究 besides “除……以外(还有)”; except“除去;除……之外(不再有)”; except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”,后接名词或代词时与except that +从句意思相同; except that...“除了……一点以外”。 but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用, 但应注意当前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称以及后接不定式为排除对象时,多用but。如: All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. 7.介词的省略: 知识盘点真题探究介词for表示时间的省略要求。 (1)以all开头的名词短语, for要省略。如: I stayed with her all the morning. 整个上午我都和她在一起。 (2)在否定句中, 表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如: I haven??t seen you for thirty years. 我有三十年没见你了。 (3)时间状语在主句之前, for不能省略。如: For the whole morning, the old man kept reading. 整个上午,老人都一直在看书。知识盘点真题探究 ?

　　1.(2011全国Ⅱ) This shop will be closed for repairs 　???? further notice.

　　A.with　B.until　C.for　D.at 【答案与解析】B　句意:这家店将整顿停修直至另行通知。until further notice表示“直至另行通知”。知识盘点真题探究 2.(2011北京) With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken 　???? color.

　　A.byB.forC.withD.in 【答案与解析】D　句意:使用新技术,人们可以将水下沟壑的图片拍成彩色的。in color“彩色的”, in 表示“处于某种状态”。知识盘点真题探究 3.(2011湖北) When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside 　???? younger men.

　　A.in terms of B.in need of

　　C.in favor ofD.in praise of 【答案与解析】C　句意:当被问及对这个学校的校长有什么看法时,很多老师宁愿他让位以支持年轻人。in favor of“支持;有利于”; in terms of“就……而言”; in need of“需要”; in praise of“表扬”。知识盘点真题探究 4.(2011山东) I??m sorry I didn??t phone you, but I??ve been very busy???????? the past couple of weeks.

　　A.beyond B.with C.among

　　D.over 【答案与解析】D　句意:很抱歉没给你打电话, 可是这几个星期我一直很忙。通过前半句“I??ve been very busy”使用的现在完成时可知,搭配用的时间状语为“在过去的几周里”,即over the past cou-ple of weeks或in the past couple of weeks。知识盘点真题探究 5.(2011安徽) Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek　???? food safety problems.

　　A.in B.to C.on D.after 【答案与解析】B　句意:有时不难找到解决食品安全问题的办法。此句中主语为answers,意为“解决办法”,作此义时后跟介词to或towards,故选B项。知识盘点真题探究 6.(2011浙江) I always wanted to do the job which I??d been trained ????????.

　　A.onB.forC.byD.of 【答案与解析】B　句意:我经常想做我之前受过相关培训的工作。for表示目的,意为“为了……”,符合题意。知识盘点真题探究 7.(2011四川) Nick, it??s good for you to read some books 　????China before you start your trip there.

　　A.in B.for C.of D.on 【答案与解析】D　句意:尼克,你在去中国旅行之前最好读一些关于中国的书。on 表示关于, some books on China意为“关于中国的一些书”。知识盘点真题探究 8.(2011天津) He was a good student and scored 　???? average in most subjects.

　　A.below B.of C.on D.above 【答案与解析】D　句意:他是一个好学生,大多数科目得分都高于平均水平。above average“高于平均数”; below average“低于平均数”; on average“平均起来;一般说来”。知识盘点真题探究 9.(2011江苏) We??d better discuss everything 　????before we work out the plan.

　　A.in detail 　

　　　B.in general

　　C.on purpose D.on time 【答案与解析】A　句意:在我们制定计划之前, 我们最好详细地讨论每件事。in detail“详细地”; in general“通常;大体上”; on pur-pose“故意地”; on time“准时;按时”。知识盘点真题探究 10.(2011福建) 　???? good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.

　　A.Far from B.Apart from