2. He told me the news, believe it or not, ________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. as

　　D. because A　此题容易误选B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选 A，that 引导的是一个用以修饰名词 the news 的同位语从句。 3. Don't you know, my dear friend, ________ it is you that she loves?

　　A. who

　　B. which

　　C. that

　　D. what C　此题容易误选 A或B，选 A 者认为这是指人的，故用 who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，它引导的是一个宾语从句，只是被其中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend, don't you know that it is you that she loves? 4. 段落的结论句 结论句(Concluding sentence)也称总结句，它标志着段落的结束，自然应位于一段的结尾。结论句可用来重述主题、提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者思考，或对全段内容加以概述。结论之前常会出现 in short, in a word, therefore等词语。但并非所有的段落都需要结论句，有的也可采用自然结束的方式。

　　结论句在注意总结与呼应主题句的基础上，用一个短短的感叹句、问句、一句话概括、一个比喻、一句挑战性的话或一句名言将全段“拔高”一下，效果会更好。 参阅下面主题句与结论句呼应的例子： ①

　　主题句： Only a mother's love is selfless love!

　　结尾句： What great love this is!

　　②

　　主题句： Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.

　　结尾句： How important it is to read good books! 从以上的例子，我们可以清楚地看出主题句和结论句的关系，结论句在意思上和主题句保持一致，与主题句紧密呼应，但又不是简单的重复。例①运用感叹句，例②运用一句总结，它们都起到强化主题思想的作用，给读者留下了较深的印象。 结论句并非必不可少，但它能起到以下的作用： (1)表示段落的结束； (2)总结要点，与主题句相呼应； (3)使读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有一个深刻的印象或进行思考。 Ⅰ.阅读下面一个段落，指出段落的三个主要结构 Life in the 21st Century ①Life in the 21st century will be very interesting. ② Perhaps we can go on a holiday to the moon, and some scientists may live under the sea. ③ Maybe we will have video telephones in every home.④ When we talk on the phone, we'll be able to see the person at the other end of the line. ⑤ Perhaps we will have a computer in every classroom.⑥ It would be able to help us do a lot of things such as solving difficult problems, reviewing our lessons, and doing our homework.

　　⑦ Perhaps some children won't need to go to school every day because there will be more educational programs on radio and television. ⑧ Maybe at that time every family will have a robot and it can do many kinds of housework for us. ⑨ Then what will we do with our extra time? ⑩ I think we may have more time to study and learn how to use and control these machines. ? Well, let's look at what wonderful life we will enjoy in the 21st century. 在这一段中，①为主题句，阐述段落的中心思想；②，③，④，⑤，⑥，⑦，⑧，⑩ 为扩展句，列举事例来丰富和阐明中心思想；?为结论句，与主题相呼应，概括该段落的真正含义；⑨为过渡句。 Ⅱ.从下面方框内选择适当的过渡词填入空白处

　　In the past twenty years or so, great advances have taken place in the world. ______， we have seen one of the most important advances in agriculture — the Green Revolution. ______ this advance we can now produce more food with less land. ______， industry has been made more and more automatic. ______，few and few people are needed to operate factories and offices because of, first, second, as a result, therefore, finally, in addition . ______， to explore the unknown world, more and more satellites have been launched and more and more astronauts have been sent into outer space. ______， new products of all kinds have been produced. ______， our life has become much better and much comfortable. First; Because of; Second; Therefore; In addition; Finally; As a result Ⅲ.用所给主题句运用因果关系手法，将下列词或短语组成一个连贯的段落 主题句：As a student, I completely agree with the suggestion that students should have a television lounge(休息室)． (1)necessary — keep pace — current affairs (2)solve the problem — noise in the classroom — because — no other place — relax (3)a good way — have some fun

　　As a student, I completely agree with the suggestion that students should have a television lounge. First, a TV lounge is necessary to those who want to keep pace with current affairs. Second, it can help solve the problem of the noise in the classrooms caused by the students who are chatting and laughing loudly because they have no place to go to relax. Indeed, many students want to have a place to relax after a day of hard work. Watching TV is a good way for the students to enrich their spare-time activities and have some fun. As a result, the opening of a TV lounge would be important both to the students who want to have a quiet place to study and to those who want to relax. 名词性从句(1) 在主从复合句中，从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下，主语、表语、宾语或同位语这4种句子成分由名词性词类充当，所以，我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句，把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。常用的连接词有： 连接词 作用 whether 是否 that (本身无词义) 只起连接词作用，引导从句，在从句中不作任何成分 who, whom, whose which 哪一个 what 什么，所……的 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语

　　when什么时候，where什么地方 how怎样、怎么，why为什么 除了起连接词作用外，还在从句中作状语 疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。它们的特点是：①疑问词有本身的词义；②疑问词在从句中担当句子成分，如主语、宾语或状语；③这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。 She asked me where I had been.(宾语从句) What you have done might do harm to other people. (主语从句) What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend.(表语从句) 一、主语从句 1．that 引导主语从句时，that没有意义，但不能省略。 It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray. 她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。 That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。 2．从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。 It wasn't very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。 It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的。 3．whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if。 Whether I knew John doesn't matter. ＝ It doesn't matter whether I knew John.

　　我是否认识约翰没有关系。 Whether or not she'll come isn't clear. ＝ Whether she'll come or not isn't clear. ＝ It isn't clear whether… 她是否来还不清楚。 It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.

　　这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。 She asked me whether/if you were married. 她向我打听你是否结婚。 二、宾语从句 在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。 1．that 引导的宾语从句： that 没有意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。 I really feel she's making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。 Hearing that her son was badly wounded, she hurried to the hospital to see him. 听说儿子受了重伤，她急忙赶到医院去看望他。 2．whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句：如果要突出“究竟是……还是不……”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不与or not连用。 He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。 Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。 3．在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。 I don't think the film is interesting. 我觉得这部电影没什么意思。 I don't suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。 4．如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take…for granted等。 George made it clear that he opposed this project. 乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。 I took it for granted that you'd stay with us. 我想当然认为你会和我们待在一起。 三、同位语从句 同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that，有时也用when, where 等疑问词。 The idea that you can do this task well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。 The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money. 困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。 注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense.

　　他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(定语从句) No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss. 没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。(同位语从句) 四、表语从句 表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。 That's why I have come. 那就是我为什么来了。 What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.

　　我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。 此外，表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。 It looked as if it was/were going to rain. 好像要下雨了。 五、形容词后的that从句 that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等。 I am sure/certain that he's at home now. 我肯定他现在在家。 I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情。 六、what 从句的小结 1．意思是“所……的事/物”， 相当于the thing(s) that…， that which…， 或those which… 可以用于以下情况： (1)引导主语从句 What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。 (2)引导表语从句 He's not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。 (3)引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语 He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。 As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。 I don't care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。

　　2．用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。 It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。 3．引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么……”。注意状语从句的语序。 Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going.(＝No matter what may come，…) 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。 Come what may, you'll always keep it secret.(＝No matter what she would do，…) 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。 1. She promised ________ he had enough money she would marry him.

　　A. that

　　B. if

　　C. that if

　　D. if that

　　C　其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为 She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money. 由于将条件状语从句 if he had enough money 插入动词 promised 与其宾语从句之间，从而导致许多同学误选。另外，本来动词 promise 后接宾语从句时，引导宾语从句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英语习惯，当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时，引导宾语从句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此题不宜选B。 Module 6 Unit 1

　　Laughter is good for you（2） 1、 make sure 弄明白，设法确保 ◆To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.

　　为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。 ◆Make sure that you put down every word she says.

　　切实要记下她说的每一个字。 ◆Make sure the central heating is off.

　　集中供暖设备一定要关掉。 ◆It may freeze tonight, so make sure the plants are covered.

　　今晚大概会有霜冻，一定要把花草都遮盖好。 ◆Make sure that the sign's the right way up.

　　一定要把符号的上下弄对。

　　make believe 假装

　　　make it 及时到达；成功

　　　make love (to) 向……求爱

　　　make one's way 前去；去

　　　make up 和好；化妆；捏造，虚构(故事、诗等) 　make up for 补偿 　make out of… 用……制造， 理解， 了解

　　make the bed 铺床 　make the tea 沏茶 　make coffee 煮咖啡 　make a close study 仔细研究 　make a claim 要求 　make a plain 订计划 　make certain 弄清楚，搞确实 我想把这个问题弄明白。 I tried to 　 the problem. make sure of 2、 take on 接纳，雇用；开始从事；呈现新的面貌 ◆The factory is taking on more men.

　　那个工厂将招收更多的工人。 ◆He was always ready to take on the hardest job.

　　他总是愿意干最艰难的工作。 ◆The land around the lake took on a different look.

　　湖四周的土地面貌发生了变化。 ◆This old term has taken on a new meaning.

　　这个旧词有了新的意义。

　　take a chance 碰运气 　take a vote 表决 　take advantage of 利用 　take…as… 把……当作…… 　take care 当心，注意 　take charge of 负责，掌管 　take…for example 以……为例 　take hold of 抓住 　take in 吸收；领会；订阅 　be taken in 被欺骗 　take interest in 对……感兴趣 　take it easy 放松 　take notice of 注意 　take off 脱掉；起飞；打折扣 　take a day off 休假一天 　take office 就职

　　take over 接管 　take part in 参加 　take place 发生，举行 　take pride in 以……为自豪 　take the place of 代替 　take turns 轮流 　take up 开始(学习、活动等)；讨论；从事；占用

　　①Advice has been given that we should ______ the fine weather these days to get in all the crops.

　　A. take charge of

　　B. take advantage of

　　C. take account of

　　D. take notice of ①B　这里表示“充分利用”好天气把所有的庄稼收回来。

　　②My study of biology has ______ much of my spare time, but it has given me a great deal of enjoyment.

　　A. taken in

　　B. taken down

　　C. taken up

　　D. taken away ②C　生物科的学习占去了我大量的业余时间。

　　③After the students put up a Christmas tree in the centre, the classroom __________ a holiday appearance.

　　同学们在教室中央放了一棵圣诞树，教室里呈现出一派节日景象。 ③took on　

　　④The story then ______ a classic love triangle between Calaf, Turandot and Liu.

　　故事随后演绎了发生在卡拉夫、图兰朵和柳儿之间的经典三角恋情。 ④takes on 3、 hold out

　　维持；保持；带来(希望)；使有(可能)；拿出 ◆How long can we hold out against these attacks?

　　我们对这些攻击能抵抗多久？ ◆His parents hold out much hope for his education in university.

　　他的父母对他的大学学习抱很大的希望。 　hold back 阻止，阻挡 　hold on 别挂；等一等；坚持 　hold on to 坚守；保留(房屋、财产等)；抓住 　hold water 经得起检验，站得住脚 — Is Peter there? — ______ (稍等) please. I'll see if I can find him for you. Hold on 4、 make fun of 取笑 ◆People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly.

　　人们嘲笑她，因为她常说傻话。

　　It's cruel to make fun of people who stammer.

　　嘲笑口吃的人未免不近人情。

　　◆Don't make fun of the poor boy.

　　不要取笑那个可怜的孩子。

　　◆That will teach him a lesson! It doesn't pay to make fun of the law, my man!

　　那会给他一个教训！与法律开玩笑绝不会有好下场，我的老弟。

　　Whatever the reason, research shows that in the end, the English saying ‘Laughter is the best medicine', may be true after all. 无论什么原因，最后研究显示，英语谚语“笑是最好的良药，”也许是真的。 这是一个复合句，其中含有一个whatever 引导的让步状语从句，reason 后面省略了is，另外that引导一个宾语从句。 ①Whatever/No matter what　 ① happens, I'll be right there for you. 不管发生什么，我都会站在你这边。 ②whatever ②The pandas are very dear to human beings. So people have been doing they take to save them. 熊猫是人类亲密的朋友。所以人们竭尽所能去拯救它们。 1. A　本题考查非谓语动词。keep ＋sb./sth.＋done，根据句意，sb.与它后面的动词构成被动关系，故选A。 1. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues ________ with her stories.(2010·上海)

　　A. amused

　　B. amusing

　　C. to amuse

　　D. to be amused 2. C　表示成千上万的外宾被吸引来参加上海的世博会。 2. Thousands of foreigners were ________ to

　　the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.(2010·江苏)

　　A. attended

　　B. attained

　　C. attracted

　　D. attached

　　3. D　考查名词性从句。该空引导宾语从句，根据句意“办公室中没人知道她为什么如此生气”可判断选D项。 3. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ________ she was so angry.(2010·湖南)