小结：　完形填空题常见问题与解决方法

　　近几年高考，“完形填空”命题的一个显著特点是以考查实词为主。实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词等，这些词又统称为信息词。选准这些信息词，考生要从整体上理解文章的内容，在上下文情景中运用所学词汇，不能单纯从语法结构上确定答案。

　　但“完形填空”不同于“阅读理解”。“完形填空”仍然是考查语言和词汇的运用，只不过是考查从语篇层次所设定的语境中综合运用语言的能力，在这一点上，又与着重考查语法和词汇运用的“单项填空”及“语法填空”题型不同。所以，要答好完形填空题，考生必须具备迅速找准主题，理顺文章层次关系，领会作者的观点和写作意图的归纳判断能力。

　　完形填空是学生最犯怵的题型之一，文章的残缺性和不连贯性使得很多学生难以正确理解文章内容，所以导致了大量失分。考生在做完形填空题时容易出现以下3个问题：

　　问题一：语义理解错误

　　问题二：作者意图判断错误

　　问题三：常用词语辨析错误

　　问题一：语义理解错误

　　【问题描述与分析】

　　“完形填空”旨在测试学生综合运用语言的能力，所提供的是一篇具有完整信息的短文。其中段与段、句与句，甚至词与词之间都有着不可分割、千丝万缕的联系。有的完形填空题第一空的答案需要读完全文才能做出正确选择。有的最后一空的选项又是为了呼应全文主题，需要结合全文主题才能作答。相当一部分考生一拿到试题就开始边读边填空，从表面上看似乎是快了，但实际上由于对全文的大意心中无数，没有语篇意识，只是断章取义，拘泥于所填空的句子本身，而不结合整篇文章所提供的语境，不善于从上下文中寻找线索，往往做了后面忘了前面，很可能是漏洞百出，选错答案。

　　【例】 I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking，__36__she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.

　　Mrs. Neidl would ask me for my__37__.She wanted to know how I thought we should__38__things. At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew__39__about stage design! But I slowly began to respond to her__40__. It was cause and effect: She believed I had opinions, so I began to __41__ them. She trusted me to complete things, so I completed them perfectly. She loved how__42__I was, so I began to show up to paint more and

　　more. She believed in me, so I began to believe in myself.

　　Mrs. Neidl’s__43__that year was，“Try it. We can always paint over it __44__！” I began to take __45__. I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing－only things to be__46__upon. I learned to dip my brush into the paint and __47__create something.

　　The shy, quiet freshman achieved success that year. I was__48__in the program as “Student Art Assistant” because of the time and effort I’d put in. It was that year that I__49__I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.

　　Being on that stage-design team__50__Mrs. Neidl changed me completely. Not only was I stronger and more competent than I had thought, but I also__51__a strong interest and a world I hadn’t known existed. She taught me not to__52__what people think I should do. She taught me to take chances and not be__53__.Mrs. Neidl was my comforter when I was upset. Her__54__in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined__55__.(2010·北京卷)

　　36．A.and

　　B．yet

　　C．so

　　D．for

　　37．A.opinion

　　B．impression

　　C．information

　　D．intention

　　38．A.make

　　B．keep

　　C．handle

　　D．change

　　39．A.anything

　　B．something

　　C．everything

　　D．nothing

　　40．A.questions

　　B．comments

　　C．explanations

　　D．remarks

　　41．A.hold

　　B．follow

　　C．evaluate

　　D．form

　　42．A.happy

　　B．lively

　　C．reliable

　　D．punctual

　　43．A.message

　　B．motto

　　C．saying

　　D．suggestion

　　44．A.again

　　B．more

　　C．instead

　　D．later

　　45．A.steps

　　B．control

　　C．charge

　　D．risks

　　46．A.improved

　　B．acted

　　C．looked

　　D．reflected

　　47．A.easily

　　B．carefully

　　C．confidently

　　D．proudly

　　48．A.introduced

　　B．recognized

　　C．identified

　　D．considered

　　49．A.confirmed

　　B．decided

　　C．realized

　　D．acknowledged

　　50．A.with

　　B．below

　　C．of

　　D．by

　　51．A.developed

　　B．discovered

　　C．took

　　D．fostered

　　52．A.accept

　　B．care

　　C．judge

　　D．wonder

　　53．A.bored

　　B．lazy

　　C．sad

　　D．afraid

　　54．A.trust

　　B．patience

　　C．curiosity

　　D．interest

　　55．A.accessible

　　B．enjoyable

　　C．possible

　　D．favorable

　　【解题导语】 本文是记叙文，记述了自己通过加入舞台设计小组和Mrs. Neidl对自己的影响，作者彻底改变了自己，变得不再像以前那样胆小，文章的第三段是个转折，考生在做题的时候可能把握不了这个变化，导致后面的连续失误。

　　36．答案：B　[unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking 和encouraging and inspiring之间构成转折关系，故用yet。]

　　37．答案：A　[由下一句可知她想询问我的意见如何去处理事情。]

　　38．答案：C　[handle things意为“处理，解决问题”，根据I knew nothing about stage design可知她想知道我应该怎样处理舞台设计的问题。]

　　39．答案：D　[根据no idea可知作者对于舞台设计一无所知。]

　　40．答案：A　[由上文ask me for...和She wanted to know...可知对于她的问题“我”渐渐做出了反应。]

　　41．答案：D　[上文提到作者对舞台设计没有什么想法，但由于Mrs. Neidl认为作者有自己的主见看法，所以作者开始形成自己的想法。hold opinions意为“持有……的观点”；follow opinions意为“遵循观点”；evaluate opinions意为“对观点加以评估”。]

　　42．答案：C　[根据She believed in me可知，reliable与believe in相呼应。]

　　43．答案：B　[A意为“信息”；B意为“座右铭，箴言”；C意为“谚语”；D意为“建议”。We can always paint over it 这是Mrs. Neidl信奉的座右铭，故选B。]

　　44．答案：D　[根据常识可知事情起先都不是一帆风顺的，最终后来都会成功的。]

　　45．答案：D　[take steps意为“采取措施”；B意为“控制”；C意为“负责，掌管”；D take risks意为“冒风险”。take risks和下文最后一段take chances相呼应。]

　　46．答案：A　[根据there was no failing可知只是事情需要不断地得到提高。]

　　47．答案：C　[根据下文第一句话可知作者那年成功了，由此说明他很有自信地去创作。]

　　48．答案：B　[由上一句．..achieved success that year可知因“我”在节目中投入的时间和精力而最终被大家所认可。A意为“介绍”；B意为“认可，认出；识别”；C意为“认出，识别”；D意为“认为；考虑”。]

　　49．答案：C　[A“确认”；B“决定”；C“意识到”；D“承认”。作者经历了由过去的害怕失败到最终成功，所以意识到自己有从事舞台设计的潜力。]

　　50．答案：A　[with表示原因“因为，由于”。]

　　51．答案：B　[A、D和interest搭配意为“培养兴趣”，不能和a world搭配，故排除；take an interest意为“对……感兴趣”，也不可和world搭配；discover指“发现原先就存在的东西，只是不为人发现而已”，根据I hadn’t known可知A正确。]

　　52．答案：B　[“我”曾经如此害怕失败，关键还是在于太在乎别人的想法，care意为“在乎，关心，在意”。]

　　53．答案：D　[由上文I had been so afraid of...可知她教会“我”学会冒险尝试，不要害怕。]

　　54．答案：A　[由第二段She believed in me 和She trusted me...可知。]

　　55．答案：C　[由上文可知“我”那年最终成功了，而之所以成功在于她的信任激励“我”去做一些过去认为不可能做到的事情。故possible“可能的”，符合题意。A项“可接近的”；B项“有趣的，愉快的”；D项“有利的，良好的，赞成的”。]

　　【解决方案与复习指南】

　　完形填空出题的理论依据就是利用人们的视觉暂留和思维的连贯性特点，所以考生应该力图将短文中的空缺补充完整。具体做法如下：首先，通读全文，掌握主旨。正如英国语言学家泰勒所指出的：“完形填空测试题的空格是与文章的上下文有紧密联系的，而不是孤立的、不相关的。”由此可见，要做好“完形填空”，首先必须通读全文，抓住短文不设空的首句和一些关键词，弄懂全文大意。这样才能融会贯通，根据语境的需要选出既合乎语法又合乎语意的最佳答案。通读时，首先要弄清短文的第一句，这往往是一个故事的背景或是一篇文章的中心。

　　其次，要抓住文章的脉络，掌握文章的线索，以便了解作者的思路。文章往往是以一定的时间顺序或以地点变迁为线索的。若以时间为序，要注意动词的时态、语态、人称变化等方面；如果以地点变迁为线索，则应注意在不同地点出现的人物和情节。如：

　　A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and __21__. It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart(远离的)；it can keep a__22__with very little effort.

　　I will give__23__. A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting__24__.We had been close as__25__but had grown apart. Our meetings were not__26__；our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels; and every effort to clear the air seemed to only__27__our misunderstanding. Then he __28__a small island in the Caribbean and we__29__touch. One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to__30__. Rereading the letter, I was__31__by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had__32__respected my older brother but__33__he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so__34__. And with that one letter we became friends__35__.

　　It might never have occurred to__36__to write me if he had not been in a

　　place where there were no__37__.For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of__38__communication(通信), people often__39__that they don’t always have to phone or email. They have a__40__. And that is to write.(2010·全国Ⅱ卷)

　　21．A.received

　　B．rewritten

　　C．returned

　　D．reread

　　22．A.record

　　B．promise

　　C．friendship

　　D．secret

　　23．A.an example

　　B．a lesson

　　C．an experience

　　D．a talk

　　24．A.through

　　B．together

　　C．along

　　D．away

　　25．A.brothers

　　B．children

　　C．fellows

　　D．classmates

　　26．A.normal

　　B．necessary

　　C．pleasant

　　D．possible

　　27．A.deepen

　　B．start

　　C．express

　　D．settle

　　28．A.toured

　　B．stopped

　　C．reached

　　D．moved to

　　29．A.lost

　　B．kept in

　　C．needed

　　D．got in

　　30．A.think

　　B．write

　　C．enjoy

　　D．read

　　31．A.driven

　　B．beaten

　　C．surprised

　　D．honored

　　32．A.never

　　B．seldom

　　C．sometimes

　　D．once

　　33．A.realized

　　B．judged

　　C．thought

　　D．expected

　　34．A.well

　　B．often

　　C．much

　　D．soon

　　35．A.later

　　B．anyhow

　　C．too

　　D．again

　　36．A.us

　　B．anyone

　　C．someone

　　D．my brother

　　37．A.mail services

　　B．transport services

　　C．phones

　　D．relative

　　38．A.poor

　　B．easy

　　C．popular

　　D．busy

　　39．A.believe

　　B．decide

　　C．argue

　　D．forget

　　40．A.habit

　　B．choice

　　C．method

　　D．plan

　　21．答案：D　[根据后文第二段后半部分提示(Rereading the letter)重读这封信，可知此空应为D项。]

　　22．答案：C　[通读全文及第二段最后一句话And with that one letter we became friends...可知，文章讲述信件与友谊，故答案为C项。]

　　23．答案：A　[篇章结构。第一段综述，第二段为实例，此句为两段过渡句。译为：我来举个例子。故答案为A项。]

　　24．答案：C　[根据后两句内容We had been...arguments and quarrels. 可知长大后作者与哥哥“相处不好“，not get along意为相处不好，故答案为C项。]

　　25．答案：B　[根据前文(We had been close...)及后文(but had grown apart)得知，前后两句为

　　反义词再现表达，后者为长大后关系疏远，前者必为儿时关系亲密，故答案为B项。]

　　26．答案：C　[根据后句内容(arguments and quarrels)得知，两者会面不愉快，故答案为C项。]

　　27．答案：A　[根据后两句内容，哥哥搬走，不再联系，可知误会更深，故答案为A项。]

　　28．答案：D　[根据后文内容哥哥在小岛上，可知应是搬去那里，故答案为D项。]

　　29．答案：A　[前文哥哥搬走，后文有一天写信得知，有段时间未联系，故答案为A项。]

　　30．答案：B　[由文中得知，作者谈论的是写信与友谊，上文哥哥通过写信告知近况，是想与弟弟通信息，此句应是鼓励弟弟写信，故答案为B项。]

　　31．答案：C　[根据后两句内容(I had never known he could write so...)得知，对哥哥的幽默及表达感到惊讶，故答案为C项。]

　　32．答案：D　[由第二段开头及本句得知作者与哥哥幼时友好并尊敬哥哥，所以此处应为曾经，故答案为D项。]

　　33．答案：C　[由前文中作者长大后与哥哥关系不友好及后文不知道哥哥能写得那么好，得知作者内心以为哥哥不再有那么好的表述。realized认识到；judged判断、断定；thought认为，以为；expected期待，预料；故答案为C项。]