句　子　成　分 成　分 用　法　说　明 位　置 主语 是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前；疑问句或倒装句中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后；there be结构中放在be之后；祈使句中常省略。 谓语 对主语加以陈述，说明主语怎么样或是什么。必须由动词担任，其人称和数必须和主语一致。 通常在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。 表语 与系动词连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。 常在系动词之后。 宾语 表示动作、行为的对象。 一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，但间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，则在间接宾语前加to或for。 定语 用来修饰名词或代词，说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属等。 单个词常在被修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词后；副词作定语常放在被修饰的词 后；形容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的词后。 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副 词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。 位置比较灵活 补语 补充说明宾语或主语。 宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于谓语之后。 同位语 对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的被修饰成分在语法上处于同等地位。 常置于被说明的成分之后。 一、主　语 表 现 形 式 例　句 名词 Some young people can't settle down to their own business.有些年轻人不能专心于自己的工作。 代词 She has been to America.她去过美国。 This is the tallest tree here.这是这里最高的树。 数词 Three plus eight is eleven.三加八等于十一。 不定式 To swim in this river is dangerous.在这条河里游泳很危险。 动名词 Looking after the patient is a nurse's job.照顾病人是护士的工作。 the ＋形容词或分词 The wounded were sent to the hospital on time.受伤者被及时送到了医院。 The old should be respected.老年人应该受到尊重。 从句 That he will come to the conference

　　has excited every one of us. 他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。 Who will go makes no difference.谁去都没关系的。 二、谓　语

　　简单谓语 动词或动词短语 I have read Romance of the West Chamber.我读过《西厢记》。 The story happened a few years ago.故事发生在几年前。 His parents lived_in a small town.他父母住在一个小城镇里。 He has fallen in love with her.他爱上她了。 复合谓语 情态动词＋ 动词原形 某些动词＋ 不定式(如happen，would like，seem等) 系动词＋表语 He may come after supper.他可能晚饭后来。 I used to live in London.我过去住在伦敦。 I would like to invite all my friends here. 我想把我所有的朋友都邀请到这里来。 My son happened to be playing in one corner of the room. 我儿子碰巧在房间的一角玩耍。 The roses smell sweet.这玫瑰闻起来很香。 His father is a famous writer.他父亲是一个著名的作家。 三、表　语

　　表现形式 例　句 名　词 He turned doctor after school，as his parents had expected.正如父母所愿，毕业后他成了医生。 She felt a stranger in the house.在这所房子里她感到自己是个陌生人。 代　词 Oh，it's you.啊，是你呀！ Money isn't everything.金钱不是一切。 数　词 He was the first to be invited.他是第一个被邀请的人。 She is now eighteen.她现在十八岁。 形容词 She looks more beautiful in this dress.穿着这身衣服她看起来更漂亮了。 副　词 I'll be back at 8：00.我将在八点回来。 Is it above or_below？它在上面还是在下面？ 不定式 Our task is to decorate the whole room.我们的任务是装饰整个房间。 动名词 The difficulty is raising money for these poor children.困难是为这些贫困的孩子们筹钱。 分　词 The news is very exciting.　这个消息很令人振奋。 The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 介词短语 The meeting is of great importance.这次会议具有重大意义。 从　句 This is what I am interested in.这正是我所感兴趣的。 The question is whether it is worth doing.问题在于是否值得做。 四、宾　语 1．宾语的分类 类　别 说　明 例　句 特别提示 直接宾语 在及物动词之后表示动作的直接对象或结果。 He closed the_door.他关上了门。 The boys listened to him attentively. 男孩们专心听他讲。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系，而双宾语没有。 间接宾语 表示动作的方向或目的，常指 人；必须和直接宾语并存。 She told me an interesting story. 她给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 复合宾语 有了宾语后，句子意思仍不完 整，还需补充成分，其补充成分叫做宾语补足 语，二者共同组成复合宾语 We elected him our monitor. 我们选他当我们的班长。 We often hear her sing that song. 我们经常听到她唱那 首歌。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关 系，而双宾语没有。

　　同源宾语 有些及物动词带一个与之含义相同、相近或相关的名词作宾语，这种宾语叫做同源宾语。 She dreamed a nice dream.她做了一个好梦。 They lived a happy life. 他们过着幸福的生活。 介词宾语 在介词之后与介词一起构成介词短语 Please give me some advice on how to learn English well.请给我提些关于如何学好英语的建议。 He entered the chemistry lab without beingpermitted.他未经允许就进入化学实验室。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关 系，而双宾语没有。 2.宾语的表现形式 表现形式 例　句 名词 You can leave your pet with me while travelling.旅游时你可以把宠物留给我照看。 You can depend on his honesty.你可以相信他的诚实。 代词 Please take them to the waiting room.请带他们去等候室。 数词 I have three.我有三个。 the ＋形容词 She is always helping the poor.她总是帮助穷人。 不定式 He refused to help her.他拒绝帮助她。 动名词 Mary enjoys playing the piano.玛丽喜欢弹钢琴。 从句 It depends on whether they have enough experience.这取决于他们是否有足够的经验。 五、定　语 表现形式 例　句 名　词 This is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods. 这是张石头桌子，足够结实，能撑住这些货物。 形 容 词 She bought a white skirt yesterday.她昨天买了件白色的裙子。 代　词 His name is Mark.他的名字叫马克。 This book is written by Lao She.这本书是老舍 写的。 数　词 She cut the cake in to two pieces.她把蛋糕切成了两块。 副　词 Jack met Tom on his way home.杰克在回家的路上遇见了汤姆。 The river here is polluted.这儿的小河被污染了。 名词所有格 This shop has all kinds of women's shoes.这家商店有各种各样的女鞋。 不定式 There are a lot of things to be done.有很多事情要做。 I have many problems to solve.我有很多问题要解决。 动名词 Drinking water is scarce in this area.这个地区饮用水缺乏。 分　词 The sleeping baby is his nephew.这个睡着的婴儿是他的外甥。 The fallen leaves are flying with wind.落叶随风飞舞。 The man sitting on the rock is my brother.坐在岩石上的那个人是我哥哥。 介词短语 The girl in red will give us a lecture.穿红衣服的那个女孩要给我做报告。 从　句 The girl who is dancing is my sister.正在跳舞的那个女孩是我的妹妹。 六、状　语 1．状语的分类 类　别 例　句 时间状语 I usually go to work at 8：00 in the morning.我通常早上八点去上班。 原因状语 Not having received a reply，he wrote a second letter.因为没有收到回信，他又写了一封信。 地点状语 Qingdao lies in the east of China.青岛位于中国 东部。 目的状语 He gets up early in order to prepare breakfast for his daughter.他早早起来给女儿准备早餐。 让步状语 Even though he is young，he knows a lot about history.尽管他还小，他知道很多有关历史的事。 程度状语 I am not rich enough to buy a car.我没有足够的钱买车。 条件状语 If I had listened carefully，I could work out the problem now.如果我仔细听讲了，现在我就能做出那个题了。 结果状语 He did a good job in the examination，so that he was praised by his parents.他考试考得很好，受到了父母的表扬。 方式状语 She spoke slowly_and_clearly.她说得既慢又清楚。 比较状语 She did as well as_her_mother.她做得跟她妈妈一样好。 伴随状语 He went upstairs，singing and smiling.他微笑着，唱着歌上了楼。 2．状语的表现形式 表现形式 例　句 副　词 Tom speaks English very fast and I almost can't understand him. 汤姆英语说得很快，我几乎听不懂他说的话。 介词短语 Don't step on the grass，for it is growing.请勿践踏草地，它们正在生长。 不　定　式 He is too excited to say anything.他激动得说不出话来。 分　词 Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.他们的车碰到了交通堵塞，因此导致了延误。 Given more time，I can do it better.再给我点时 间，我会做得更好。 形　容　词 The little boy stared at him，full of fear.那个小男孩盯着他看，心里充满了恐惧。 名　词 We worked day and night to finish the work on time.我们为按时完成工作夜以继日地干。 从　句 If I had been free，I would have visited you.如果我有空，我就去拜访你了。 3.状语的位置

　　位　置 例　句 副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，一般放在句末。 She speaks French fluently.她的法语讲得很流利。 频度副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放在被修饰动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。 I usually go to work on foot.　我通常步行去上班。 You needn't always help me.你不必总是帮我。 有时为了强调，副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，也可放在句首。 Sometimes I go to work by bus.有时候我乘公共汽车去上班。 副词作状语修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之前。但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之后。 The local people are very kind to the visitors. 当地人对来访者很友好。 The room is big enough to hold 80 people. 这个房间大到可以容纳80人。 副词修饰全句或起连接作用时，放在句首。 He never studies.Instead，he plays all day. 他从来不学习，而是整天玩。 七、补　语 类　别 表现形式 例　句 宾语补足语 名词 We made him our monitor.我们选他当我们的班长。 形容词 I found it difficult to finish the work on time.我发现按时完成工作很困难。 副词 Please let him in.请让他进来。 介词短语 We found her in excellent condition.我们发现她处于极佳状态。 不定式(短语) The teacher advised the students to have a rest. 老师建议学生们休息一会儿。 分词(短语) I saw her entering a supermarket.我看见她正走进一家超市。 He just had his hair cut.他刚刚理了发。 主语补足语 名词(短语) He was found the right man for the job. 我们发现他是做这份工作的最佳人选。 形容词 He was considered honest.他被认为是诚实的。 介词短语 The machine was found in a bad state.我们发现这台机器状况不好。 不定式(短语) The factory was ordered to be closed.那家工厂被勒令关闭。 She was considered to be one of the most promising actresses.她被认为是最有前途的女演员之一。 八、同　位　语 表现形式 例句 名　词 There was the family，parents and sisters，all working for me，all happy. 父母和姐妹们都在为我张罗着，全家都兴高采烈。 代　词 Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged. 迈拉自己由于悉心为老年人工作获得一枚奖章。 数　词 Is this the room for us two？这是我们两人的房间吗？ 从　句 The news that we will have a holiday tomorrow isn't true.我们明天放假的消息不是真的。

　　句　子　成　分 成　分 用　法　说　明 位　置 主语 是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前；疑问句或倒装句中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后；there be结构中放在be之后；祈使句中常省略。 谓语 对主语加以陈述，说明主语怎么样或是什么。必须由动词担任，其人称和数必须和主语一致。 通常在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。 表语 与系动词连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。 常在系动词之后。 宾语 表示动作、行为的对象。 一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，但间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，则在间接宾语前加to或for。 定语 用来修饰名词或代词，说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属等。 单个词常在被修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词后；副词作定语常放在被修饰的词 后；形容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的词后。 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副 词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。 位置比较灵活 补语 补充说明宾语或主语。 宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于谓语之后。 同位语 对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的被修饰成分在语法上处于同等地位。 常置于被说明的成分之后。 一、主　语 表 现 形 式 例　句 名词 Some young people can't settle down to their own business.有些年轻人不能专心于自己的工作。 代词 She has been to America.她去过美国。 This is the tallest tree here.这是这里最高的树。 数词 Three plus eight is eleven.三加八等于十一。 不定式 To swim in this river is dangerous.在这条河里游泳很危险。 动名词 Looking after the patient is a nurse's job.照顾病人是护士的工作。 the ＋形容词或分词 The wounded were sent to the hospital on time.受伤者被及时送到了医院。 The old should be respected.老年人应该受到尊重。 从句 That he will come to the conference

　　has excited every one of us. 他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。 Who will go makes no difference.谁去都没关系的。 二、谓　语

　　简单谓语 动词或动词短语 I have read Romance of the West Chamber.我读过《西厢记》。 The story happened a few years ago.故事发生在几年前。 His parents lived_in a small town.他父母住在一个小城镇里。 He has fallen in love with her.他爱上她了。 复合谓语 情态动词＋ 动词原形 某些动词＋ 不定式(如happen，would like，seem等) 系动词＋表语 He may come after supper.他可能晚饭后来。 I used to live in London.我过去住在伦敦。 I would like to invite all my friends here. 我想把我所有的朋友都邀请到这里来。 My son happened to be playing in one corner of the room. 我儿子碰巧在房间的一角玩耍。 The roses smell sweet.这玫瑰闻起来很香。 His father is a famous writer.他父亲是一个著名的作家。 三、表　语

　　表现形式 例　句 名　词 He turned doctor after school，as his parents had expected.正如父母所愿，毕业后他成了医生。 She felt a stranger in the house.在这所房子里她感到自己是个陌生人。 代　词 Oh，it's you.啊，是你呀！ Money isn't everything.金钱不是一切。 数　词 He was the first to be invited.他是第一个被邀请的人。 She is now eighteen.她现在十八岁。 形容词 She looks more beautiful in this dress.穿着这身衣服她看起来更漂亮了。 副　词 I'll be back at 8：00.我将在八点回来。 Is it above or_below？它在上面还是在下面？ 不定式 Our task is to decorate the whole room.我们的任务是装饰整个房间。 动名词 The difficulty is raising money for these poor children.困难是为这些贫困的孩子们筹钱。 分　词 The news is very exciting.　这个消息很令人振奋。 The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 介词短语 The meeting is of great importance.这次会议具有重大意义。 从　句 This is what I am interested in.这正是我所感兴趣的。 The question is whether it is worth doing.问题在于是否值得做。 四、宾　语 1．宾语的分类 类　别 说　明 例　句 特别提示 直接宾语 在及物动词之后表示动作的直接对象或结果。 He closed the_door.他关上了门。 The boys listened to him attentively. 男孩们专心听他讲。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系，而双宾语没有。 间接宾语 表示动作的方向或目的，常指 人；必须和直接宾语并存。 She told me an interesting story. 她给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 复合宾语 有了宾语后，句子意思仍不完 整，还需补充成分，其补充成分叫做宾语补足 语，二者共同组成复合宾语 We elected him our monitor. 我们选他当我们的班长。 We often hear her sing that song. 我们经常听到她唱那 首歌。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关 系，而双宾语没有。

　　同源宾语 有些及物动词带一个与之含义相同、相近或相关的名词作宾语，这种宾语叫做同源宾语。 She dreamed a nice dream.她做了一个好梦。 They lived a happy life. 他们过着幸福的生活。 介词宾语 在介词之后与介词一起构成介词短语 Please give me some advice on how to learn English well.请给我提些关于如何学好英语的建议。 He entered the chemistry lab without beingpermitted.他未经允许就进入化学实验室。 双宾语(直接宾＋间接宾语)与复合宾语的区别：复合宾语有逻辑上的主谓关 系，而双宾语没有。 2.宾语的表现形式 表现形式 例　句 名词 You can leave your pet with me while travelling.旅游时你可以把宠物留给我照看。 You can depend on his honesty.你可以相信他的诚实。 代词 Please take them to the waiting room.请带他们去等候室。 数词 I have three.我有三个。 the ＋形容词 She is always helping the poor.她总是帮助穷人。 不定式 He refused to help her.他拒绝帮助她。 动名词 Mary enjoys playing the piano.玛丽喜欢弹钢琴。 从句 It depends on whether they have enough experience.这取决于他们是否有足够的经验。 五、定　语 表现形式 例　句 名　词 This is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods. 这是张石头桌子，足够结实，能撑住这些货物。 形 容 词 She bought a white skirt yesterday.她昨天买了件白色的裙子。 代　词 His name is Mark.他的名字叫马克。 This book is written by Lao She.这本书是老舍 写的。 数　词 She cut the cake in to two pieces.她把蛋糕切成了两块。 副　词 Jack met Tom on his way home.杰克在回家的路上遇见了汤姆。 The river here is polluted.这儿的小河被污染了。 名词所有格 This shop has all kinds of women's shoes.这家商店有各种各样的女鞋。 不定式 There are a lot of things to be done.有很多事情要做。 I have many problems to solve.我有很多问题要解决。 动名词 Drinking water is scarce in this area.这个地区饮用水缺乏。 分　词 The sleeping baby is his nephew.这个睡着的婴儿是他的外甥。 The fallen leaves are flying with wind.落叶随风飞舞。 The man sitting on the rock is my brother.坐在岩石上的那个人是我哥哥。 介词短语 The girl in red will give us a lecture.穿红衣服的那个女孩要给我做报告。 从　句 The girl who is dancing is my sister.正在跳舞的那个女孩是我的妹妹。 六、状　语 1．状语的分类 类　别 例　句 时间状语 I usually go to work at 8：00 in the morning.我通常早上八点去上班。 原因状语 Not having received a reply，he wrote a second letter.因为没有收到回信，他又写了一封信。 地点状语 Qingdao lies in the east of China.青岛位于中国 东部。 目的状语 He gets up early in order to prepare breakfast for his daughter.他早早起来给女儿准备早餐。 让步状语 Even though he is young，he knows a lot about history.尽管他还小，他知道很多有关历史的事。 程度状语 I am not rich enough to buy a car.我没有足够的钱买车。 条件状语 If I had listened carefully，I could work out the problem now.如果我仔细听讲了，现在我就能做出那个题了。 结果状语 He did a good job in the examination，so that he was praised by his parents.他考试考得很好，受到了父母的表扬。 方式状语 She spoke slowly_and_clearly.她说得既慢又清楚。 比较状语 She did as well as_her_mother.她做得跟她妈妈一样好。 伴随状语 He went upstairs，singing and smiling.他微笑着，唱着歌上了楼。 2．状语的表现形式 表现形式 例　句 副　词 Tom speaks English very fast and I almost can't understand him. 汤姆英语说得很快，我几乎听不懂他说的话。 介词短语 Don't step on the grass，for it is growing.请勿践踏草地，它们正在生长。 不　定　式 He is too excited to say anything.他激动得说不出话来。 分　词 Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.他们的车碰到了交通堵塞，因此导致了延误。 Given more time，I can do it better.再给我点时 间，我会做得更好。 形　容　词 The little boy stared at him，full of fear.那个小男孩盯着他看，心里充满了恐惧。 名　词 We worked day and night to finish the work on time.我们为按时完成工作夜以继日地干。 从　句 If I had been free，I would have visited you.如果我有空，我就去拜访你了。 3.状语的位置

　　位　置 例　句 副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，一般放在句末。 She speaks French fluently.她的法语讲得很流利。 频度副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放在被修饰动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。 I usually go to work on foot.　我通常步行去上班。 You needn't always help me.你不必总是帮我。 有时为了强调，副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，也可放在句首。 Sometimes I go to work by bus.有时候我乘公共汽车去上班。 副词作状语修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之前。但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之后。 The local people are very kind to the visitors. 当地人对来访者很友好。 The room is big enough to hold 80 people. 这个房间大到可以容纳80人。 副词修饰全句或起连接作用时，放在句首。 He never studies.Instead，he plays all day. 他从来不学习，而是整天玩。 七、补　语 类　别 表现形式 例　句 宾语补足语 名词 We made him our monitor.我们选他当我们的班长。 形容词 I found it difficult to finish the work on time.我发现按时完成工作很困难。 副词 Please let him in.请让他进来。 介词短语 We found her in excellent condition.我们发现她处于极佳状态。 不定式(短语) The teacher advised the students to have a rest. 老师建议学生们休息一会儿。 分词(短语) I saw her entering a supermarket.我看见她正走进一家超市。 He just had his hair cut.他刚刚理了发。 主语补足语 名词(短语) He was found the right man for the job. 我们发现他是做这份工作的最佳人选。 形容词 He was considered honest.他被认为是诚实的。 介词短语 The machine was found in a bad state.我们发现这台机器状况不好。 不定式(短语) The factory was ordered to be closed.那家工厂被勒令关闭。 She was considered to be one of the most promising actresses.她被认为是最有前途的女演员之一。 八、同　位　语 表现形式 例句 名　词 There was the family，parents and sisters，all working for me，all happy. 父母和姐妹们都在为我张罗着，全家都兴高采烈。 代　词 Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged. 迈拉自己由于悉心为老年人工作获得一枚奖章。 数　词 Is this the room for us two？这是我们两人的房间吗？ 从　句 The news that we will have a holiday tomorrow isn't true.我们明天放假的消息不是真的。