专题十一　阅读理解

　　2024～2024年各省市高考题A卷　全国卷

　　考点一　主旨大意题与写作意图题

　　Passage 1　(2024·全国)

　　话题：沉默的解读

　　词数：329

　　The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.

　　Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

　　Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

　　Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇议论文。不同的文化对于沉默有着不同的解读。有的认为沉默意味着深思熟虑或脑海中一片空白；有的认为沉默就是执拗；也有的把沉默当成理解他人的必备谈话技巧而倍加珍视。

　　1．What does the author say about silence in conversations?

　　A．It implies anger.

　　B．It promotes friendship.

　　C．It is culture－specific.

　　D．It is content－based.

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。由第一段中的thoughtful, empty, stubbornness, extremely uncomfortable, necessity等关键词可以看出，不同文化对于沉默的解读是有很大差异的，意即它与特定的文化有关。因此答案为C。]

　　2．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?

　　A．The Chinese.

　　B．The French.

　　C．The Mexicans.

　　D．The Russians.

　　答案　A[推理判断题。题干中的“as a call for careful thought”与第二段末句“a call for reflection”相对应，reflection意思是“审慎的思考”，再联系本段首句可知答案为A。]

　　3．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?

　　A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.

　　B．Break it while treating patients.

　　C．Evaluate its harm to patients.

　　D．Make use of its healing effects.

　　答案　D　[推理判断题。第四段讲述护理人员对于病人沉默的处理技巧。由末句可知答案只能选D。]

　　★4.What may be the best title for the text?

　　A．Sound and Silence

　　B．What It Means to Be Silent

　　C．Silence to Native Americans

　　D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

　　答案　B　[标题归纳题。全文自始至终都是围绕沉默而展开，论述其在不同文化中的含义及影响。因此答案为B。值得注意的是，D项(言语是银，沉默是金)迷惑性较大，但用它作标题，过于片面，不能概括全文。]

　　Passage 2　(2024·全国)

　　话题：图书分享活动

　　词数：250

　　Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.

　　Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it．

　　Bruce Peterson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”

　　Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.

　　People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E－mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.

　　BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟)．The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty－five countries.

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站所举办的图书分享活动，内容涉及这一活动的目的和一些具体情况。

　　★1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?

　　A．To explain what they are.

　　B．To introduce BookCrossing.

　　C．To stress the importance of reading.

　　D．To encourage readers to share their ideas.

　　答案　B　[目的意图题。根据第一段内容可知，作者谈到读书小组经常在一起阅读、讨论，是为了介绍有此功能的BookCrossing.com网站。]

　　2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

　　A．The book.

　　B．An adventure.

　　C．A public place.

　　D．The identification number.

　　答案　A　[代词指代题。根据本句的内容可知，那些把书留在在公共场所的人希望自己的书能够随着阅读它的it指代前面的the book。]

　　3．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?

　　A．Meet other readers to discuss it.

　　B．Keep it safe in his bookcase.

　　C．Pass it on to another reader.

　　D．Mail it back to its owner.

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话可知，让书蒙尘是一种很自私的行为，这个网站的目的正是鼓励人们与他人分享图书，所以拿到书的人读完后最有可能继续把书传递给其他的读者。]

　　★4.What is the best title for the text?

　　A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour

　　B．Electronic Books: A new Trend

　　C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back

　　D．A Website Links People through Books

　　答案　D　[标题概括题。通读全文可知，这个网站把人们生命中最重要的两个事物——人和书紧密联系在一起。故D项最能概括全文主旨。]

　　Passage 3　(2024·全国)

　　话题：苹果节

　　词数：277

　　If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.It?s called Apple Day but in practice it?s more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.

　　Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.

　　There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you?ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it?s a__pipe__dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

　　At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple－themed fun and games.

　　Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园)．If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国的苹果节。

　　1．What can people do at the apple events?

　　A．Attend experts’ lectures.

　　B．Visit fruit－loving families.

　　C．Plant fruit trees in an orchard.

　　D．Taste many kinds of apples.

　　答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中首句Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.可知，在苹果节人们可以尝到各种各样的苹果。故选 D。]

　　2．What can we learn about Decio?

　　A．It is a new variety.

　　B．It has a strange look.

　　C．It is rarely seen now.

　　D．It has a special taste.

　　答案　C　[细节理解..as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.可知，Decio是一种很罕见的苹果。故选C。]

　　3．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?

　　A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.

　　C．A brilliant plan.

　　D．A selfish desire.

　　答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据．..but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，和．..for most apple lovers who fall for it.可知，对大多数苹果爱好者来说，种植这种苹果是无法实现的。故选 B。]

　　★4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?

　　A．To show how to grow apples.

　　B．To introduce an apple festival.

　　C．To help people select apples.

　　D．To promote apple research.

　　答案　B　[写作意图题。纵观全文推知，作者主要介绍了英国的苹果节。故选B。]

　　Passage 4(2024·全国)

　　话题：好消息传播快

　　词数：338

　　Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people’s e－mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

　　“The if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how you’re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

　　Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews, face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e－mailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

　　Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇议论文，研究表明好消

　　1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?

　　A．News reports.

　　B．Research papers.

　　C．Private e－mails.

　　D．Daily conversations.

　　答案　A　[细节理解题。根据首段中的Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.可知，这些规则适用于资讯报道。故选A。]

　　2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?

　　A．Theyre socially inactive.

　　B．Theyre good at telling stories.

　　C．Theyre inconsiderate of others.

　　D．Theyre careful with their words.

　　答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，像Debbie Downer那样的人是不替别人着想的。故选 C。]

　　3．Which tended to be the most e－mailed according to Dr.Bergers research?

　　A．Sports news.

　　B．Science articles.

　　C．Personal accounts.

　　D．Financial reviews.

　　答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，人们更愿意发送一些科学类的文章。故选B。]

　　★4.What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A．Sad Stories Travel Far Wide.

　　B．Online News Attracts More People.

　　C．Reading Habits Change with the Times.

　　D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.

　　答案　D　[文章标题题。文章主要表明了通过研究证明了好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。故选 D。]

　　Passage 5　(2024·新课标全国)

　　话题：家居环境与饮食

　　词数：323

　　Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

　　Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情的)when theyre in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

　　Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue.

　　Dont forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.