1.【2024·北京，D】Wilderness

　　“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.”This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection：whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

　　As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out，there is a strong appeal in images of the wild，the untouched；more than anything else，they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly.The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong，and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real.Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests，for example，store carbon in vast quantities.To Mr.Sauven，these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

　　Lee Lane，a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute，takes the opposing view.He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services，such as water conservation.But that is not，he argues，a reason to avoid all human presence，or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.There are ever more people on the Earth，and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives，rather than merely struggle for survival.While the ways of using resources have improved，there is still a growing need for raw materials，and some wildernesses contain them in abundance.If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide，the argument goes，there is no further reason not to do so.Being untouched is not，in itself，a characteristic worth valuing above all others.

　　I look forward to seeing these views taken further，and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly.And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

　　This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings，but also the guidance of reason.What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

　　70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　CP：Central Point　P：Point　Sp：Sub-point(次要点)

　　C：Conclusion

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】结构理解题。文章第一段提出了中心论点：荒野是否值得保护；第二段提出了分观点：John Sauven认为荒野的开发是有害的；第三段提出了分观点：Lee Lane认为开发荒野是必需的；第四段作者认为应当客观地看待这两种观点；最后一段给出结论：荒野是否值得保护需要更多的考虑。所以选D项。

　　【2011陕西卷D】Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified (GM，转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would，is it the best solution?

　　57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly

　　.

　　A.by classification

　　B.by comparison

　　C.by example

　　D.by process

　　【答案】C

　　3.【2010·重庆卷·C】It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商) follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征) of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are right-handed，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?

　　History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right-handed servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.

　　Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting？Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch.Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.

　　4.The passage is mainly developed by

　　.

　　A.analyzing causes

　　B.making comparisons

　　C.examining differences

　　D.following the time order

　　【答案】【解析】篇章结构题。文章先是提出男女服装上系纽扣的区别，然后再分析这种习俗的原因。

　　4.【2010·湖北卷·B】For many parents，raising a teenager is like fighting a long war，but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries，the parent-teen war is about boundaries：Where is the line between what I control and what you do?

　　Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parents’ point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness.And of course，the teens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely.Both feel trapped.

　　In this article，I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things.Examples include the color of the teen’s hair，the cleanliness of the bedroom，the preferred style of clothing，the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school，or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends.Second，blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third，needing to be right.

　　It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.

　　It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.

　　4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.Causes for the parent-teen conflicts.

　　B.Examples of the parent-teen war.

　　C.Solutions for the parent-teen problems.

　　D.Future of the parent-teen relationship.

　　【答案】C【解析】篇章结构题。由最后一段第一句“In this article，I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.”可知，应选C项。

　　.【2010·江西卷·C】Kong Zi，also called Confucius(551－479 B.C.)，and Socrates (469－399 B.C.) lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies.

　　Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek city-states were small and urban.The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius.Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake.Confucius，on the other hand，advised those in government service，and many of his students went on to government service.

　　Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life：“Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.”He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom.He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did.Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的) classes.

　　For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern.For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations.

　　Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.

　　4.This passage is organized in the pattern of

　　A.time and events

　　B.comparison and contrast

　　C.cause and effect

　　D.definition and classification

　　【答案】

　　1.【2024·北京，D】Wilderness

　　“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.”This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection：whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

　　As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out，there is a strong appeal in images of the wild，the untouched；more than anything else，they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly.The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong，and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real.Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests，for example，store carbon in vast quantities.To Mr.Sauven，these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

　　Lee Lane，a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute，takes the opposing view.He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services，such as water conservation.But that is not，he argues，a reason to avoid all human presence，or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.There are ever more people on the Earth，and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives，rather than merely struggle for survival.While the ways of using resources have improved，there is still a growing need for raw materials，and some wildernesses contain them in abundance.If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide，the argument goes，there is no further reason not to do so.Being untouched is not，in itself，a characteristic worth valuing above all others.

　　I look forward to seeing these views taken further，and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly.And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

　　This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings，but also the guidance of reason.What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

　　70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　CP：Central Point　P：Point　Sp：Sub-point(次要点)

　　C：Conclusion

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】结构理解题。文章第一段提出了中心论点：荒野是否值得保护；第二段提出了分观点：John Sauven认为荒野的开发是有害的；第三段提出了分观点：Lee Lane认为开发荒野是必需的；第四段作者认为应当客观地看待这两种观点；最后一段给出结论：荒野是否值得保护需要更多的考虑。所以选D项。

　　【2011陕西卷D】Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified (GM，转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would，is it the best solution?

　　57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly

　　.

　　A.by classification

　　B.by comparison

　　C.by example

　　D.by process

　　【答案】C

　　3.【2010·重庆卷·C】It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商) follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征) of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are right-handed，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?

　　History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right-handed servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.

　　Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting？Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch.Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.

　　4.The passage is mainly developed by

　　.

　　A.analyzing causes

　　B.making comparisons

　　C.examining differences

　　D.following the time order

　　【答案】【解析】篇章结构题。文章先是提出男女服装上系纽扣的区别，然后再分析这种习俗的原因。

　　4.【2010·湖北卷·B】For many parents，raising a teenager is like fighting a long war，but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries，the parent-teen war is about boundaries：Where is the line between what I control and what you do?

　　Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parents’ point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness.And of course，the teens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely.Both feel trapped.

　　In this article，I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things.Examples include the color of the teen’s hair，the cleanliness of the bedroom，the preferred style of clothing，the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school，or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends.Second，blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third，needing to be right.

　　It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.

　　It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.

　　4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.Causes for the parent-teen conflicts.

　　B.Examples of the parent-teen war.

　　C.Solutions for the parent-teen problems.

　　D.Future of the parent-teen relationship.

　　【答案】C【解析】篇章结构题。由最后一段第一句“In this article，I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.”可知，应选C项。

　　.【2010·江西卷·C】Kong Zi，also called Confucius(551－479 B.C.)，and Socrates (469－399 B.C.) lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies.

　　Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek city-states were small and urban.The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius.Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake.Confucius，on the other hand，advised those in government service，and many of his students went on to government service.

　　Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life：“Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.”He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom.He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did.Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的) classes.

　　For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern.For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations.

　　Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.

　　4.This passage is organized in the pattern of

　　A.time and events

　　B.comparison and contrast

　　C.cause and effect

　　D.definition and classification

　　【答案】