一、it作人称代词 在特定的环境中，it也可指人，如指婴儿、性别不详或身份不明的人。 e.g. The baby stopped crying as soon as it

　　saw the woman.

　　—Who is it?

　　—It’s me. 二、it作形式主语或形式宾语 it可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主语或宾语后置。 1. 用it作形式主语的主语从句结构 (1) It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句 It is necessary/important/surprising/strange ＋that从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”形式，且should可省略。 (2) It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句 It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that从句。 e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so

　　much success.

　　(3) It＋不及物动词＋that从句 It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/ appears＋that从句。 e.g. It happened that he was out when I called

　　on him. (4) It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句 It is said/reported/announced/believed/ thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/ found out/suggested/ordered/advised/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句。 e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in

　　carrying out this experiment. 【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句”结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。 e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend

　　more time in studying English. (5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter.../It

　　makes no difference...等。 e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as

　　long as you look neat and tidy.

　　It makes no difference to me whether

　　you go or not. 2. it作形式宾语的情况 (1)动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe

　　等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾

　　语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。 e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six

　　every day.

　　We all think it important that we should

　　protect the environment from being

　　polluted. (2) 有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从

　　句间加it。这些动词有：hate, appreciate,

　　take, owe, have等。 e.g. I take it that you will agree with us. (3) “动词＋介词＋it＋that”结构。常见的有

　　see to, depend on, rely on等。 e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on

　　time. 【注意】在连词than和as引导的比较状语从句中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如： My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口语中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此时只能用I) 二、物主代词 1．物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如： The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如： 2. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作

　　名词或动名词的定语。 e.g. This is our classroom.

　　Would you mind my opening the

　　window? Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers. 3. 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。如： This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

　　三、反身代词 1. 反身代词通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy,

　　introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse,

　　behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如：

　　He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.

　　2. 反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强

　　语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身”。

　　e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road

　　themselves.

　　3. 反身代词可以在be, feel, look, seem等系动词

　　后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。

　　e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you?

　　—I’m not feeling myself today, not

　　serious, though.

　　注意(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (正) I myself drove the car.　我自己开车。 (误) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第

　　二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself

　　作主语。

　　e.g. Charles and myself saw it.

　　(3) 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for等介

　　词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。

　　e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4. 反身代词的习惯搭配

　　介词+反身代词

　　for oneself

　　为自己；亲自地

　　to oneself

　　对自己；独用

　　of oneself

　　自动地

　　by oneself

　　独自地 (2) 动词＋反身代词

　　dress oneself

　　自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客气 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自学 come to oneself 苏醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 过得愉快，玩得高兴 help oneself to

　　自行取用，请自便 accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 习惯于 amuse oneself 消遣，自娱 behave oneself 表现良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 说明自己的意图 express oneself 表达自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放纵 一、指示代词 1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：

　　He said I was lying, and that was unfair.

　　(that指代上文He said I was lying)

　　What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect.

　　(此句中this指代下文，不能换为that) 2. that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但

　　this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that

　　不能。如：

　　She has known that which she wanted to

　　know.

　　I admire those who are always helping

　　others.

　　(those作定语从句的先行词，指人) 二、相互代词 相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other和one another两个词组，都表示“互相，相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作动词或

　　介词的宾语。如：

　　Let’s help each other and learn from each

　　other.

　　They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定语时each other和one another须用

　　所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

　　We said hello to one another’s/each

　　other’s family. 三、疑问代词 1. 疑问代词后接-ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever

　　表泛指，意为“无论……”。如：

　　You have our support, whatever you

　　decide.

　　Whichever of you gets here first will get

　　the prize.

　　I don’t want to see them, whoever they

　　are. (2) 置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：

　　Whatever do you mean?

　　Whoever heard of such a thing! 2. 疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事

　　物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的

　　人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单

　　数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动

　　词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。

　　如：

　　What he needs most is his mother’s love.

　　What we need are good books. 一、复合不定代词 1. 修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。

　　e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car? 2. 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用

　　第三人称单数形式。 3. 复合不定代词构成的固定短语：

　　anything but根本不，一点也不

　　nothing but只不过

　　do nothing but

　　只有，除……之外什么事也不做

　　have something/nothing to do with

　　与……有/无关

　　something of有点，有几分 二、全部否定与部分否定 由some和any构成的不定代词的用法与some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定； 但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。 e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of

　　them can work out this problem. (all表示

　　全部肯定，none表示全部否定)

　　Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.

　　(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)

　　The exam is very easy, but not all of the

　　students can pass it.

　　(“not＋all”表示部分否定) 三、both, either, neither, each, all, none

　　both表示两者都，具有肯定含义；either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，与of连用或用来回答how many / much的提问。 【考例】It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _____.?

　　A. others ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. either C. another???? ?????????????????D. both D 四、another, other, the other, others, the others another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确定的另一个；other表示“另外的人/物，别的人/物”；the other指两者中的另一个；others = other +名词，泛指“别的人或物”；the others指“一定范围内其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用the rest。 【考例】In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in _____, knives and forks.? A. another ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. others

　　C. both??? ???????????????????? D. all

　　B

　　一、it作人称代词 在特定的环境中，it也可指人，如指婴儿、性别不详或身份不明的人。 e.g. The baby stopped crying as soon as it

　　saw the woman.

　　—Who is it?

　　—It’s me. 二、it作形式主语或形式宾语 it可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主语或宾语后置。 1. 用it作形式主语的主语从句结构 (1) It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句 It is necessary/important/surprising/strange ＋that从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”形式，且should可省略。 (2) It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句 It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that从句。 e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so

　　much success.

　　(3) It＋不及物动词＋that从句 It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/ appears＋that从句。 e.g. It happened that he was out when I called

　　on him. (4) It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句 It is said/reported/announced/believed/ thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/ found out/suggested/ordered/advised/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句。 e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in

　　carrying out this experiment. 【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句”结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。 e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend

　　more time in studying English. (5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter.../It

　　makes no difference...等。 e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as

　　long as you look neat and tidy.

　　It makes no difference to me whether

　　you go or not. 2. it作形式宾语的情况 (1)动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe

　　等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾

　　语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。 e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six

　　every day.

　　We all think it important that we should

　　protect the environment from being

　　polluted. (2) 有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从

　　句间加it。这些动词有：hate, appreciate,

　　take, owe, have等。 e.g. I take it that you will agree with us. (3) “动词＋介词＋it＋that”结构。常见的有

　　see to, depend on, rely on等。 e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on

　　time. 【注意】在连词than和as引导的比较状语从句中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如： My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口语中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此时只能用I) 二、物主代词 1．物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如： The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如： 2. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作

　　名词或动名词的定语。 e.g. This is our classroom.

　　Would you mind my opening the

　　window? Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers. 3. 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。如： This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

　　三、反身代词 1. 反身代词通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy,

　　introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse,

　　behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如：

　　He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.

　　2. 反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强

　　语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身”。

　　e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road

　　themselves.

　　3. 反身代词可以在be, feel, look, seem等系动词

　　后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。

　　e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you?

　　—I’m not feeling myself today, not

　　serious, though.

　　注意(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (正) I myself drove the car.　我自己开车。 (误) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第

　　二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself

　　作主语。

　　e.g. Charles and myself saw it.

　　(3) 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for等介

　　词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。

　　e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4. 反身代词的习惯搭配

　　介词+反身代词

　　for oneself

　　为自己；亲自地

　　to oneself

　　对自己；独用

　　of oneself

　　自动地

　　by oneself

　　独自地 (2) 动词＋反身代词

　　dress oneself

　　自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客气 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自学 come to oneself 苏醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 过得愉快，玩得高兴 help oneself to

　　自行取用，请自便 accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 习惯于 amuse oneself 消遣，自娱 behave oneself 表现良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 说明自己的意图 express oneself 表达自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放纵 一、指示代词 1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：

　　He said I was lying, and that was unfair.

　　(that指代上文He said I was lying)

　　What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect.

　　(此句中this指代下文，不能换为that) 2. that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但

　　this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that

　　不能。如：

　　She has known that which she wanted to

　　know.

　　I admire those who are always helping

　　others.

　　(those作定语从句的先行词，指人) 二、相互代词 相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other和one another两个词组，都表示“互相，相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作动词或

　　介词的宾语。如：

　　Let’s help each other and learn from each

　　other.

　　They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定语时each other和one another须用

　　所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

　　We said hello to one another’s/each

　　other’s family. 三、疑问代词 1. 疑问代词后接-ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever

　　表泛指，意为“无论……”。如：

　　You have our support, whatever you

　　decide.

　　Whichever of you gets here first will get

　　the prize.

　　I don’t want to see them, whoever they

　　are. (2) 置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：

　　Whatever do you mean?

　　Whoever heard of such a thing! 2. 疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事

　　物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的

　　人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单

　　数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动

　　词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。

　　如：

　　What he needs most is his mother’s love.

　　What we need are good books. 一、复合不定代词 1. 修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。

　　e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car? 2. 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用

　　第三人称单数形式。 3. 复合不定代词构成的固定短语：

　　anything but根本不，一点也不

　　nothing but只不过

　　do nothing but

　　只有，除……之外什么事也不做

　　have something/nothing to do with

　　与……有/无关

　　something of有点，有几分 二、全部否定与部分否定 由some和any构成的不定代词的用法与some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定； 但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。 e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of

　　them can work out this problem. (all表示

　　全部肯定，none表示全部否定)

　　Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.

　　(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)

　　The exam is very easy, but not all of the

　　students can pass it.

　　(“not＋all”表示部分否定) 三、both, either, neither, each, all, none

　　both表示两者都，具有肯定含义；either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，与of连用或用来回答how many / much的提问。 【考例】It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _____.?

　　A. others ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. either C. another???? ?????????????????D. both D 四、another, other, the other, others, the others another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确定的另一个；other表示“另外的人/物，别的人/物”；the other指两者中的另一个；others = other +名词，泛指“别的人或物”；the others指“一定范围内其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用the rest。 【考例】In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in _____, knives and forks.? A. another ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. others

　　C. both??? ???????????????????? D. all

　　B