4) 使用连接词时的注意事项：

　　连接代词和连接副词一般都表疑问，但what, when和where等连接词有两种含义，一种表示疑问，一种表示陈述。表陈述时，相当于the thing that, the time when, the place where, 常意为“……的人/事”、“……的时间”、“……的地点”等。

　　e.g. This is where he once lived.

　　This is what I want to know.

　　That was when he did the experiment. 句式 意义 例句 That is why＋结果 “那就是……的原因” That is why we don’t trust him. That is because＋原因 “那是因为……” That is because he often lies. The reason why...is that... “……的原因是……” The reason why we don’t trust him is that he often lies. 3. 比较三个句式 （六） 同位语从句

　　在主从复合句中作同位语的从句，叫同 位语从句。表示名词的内容，加以解释。 同位语从句的基本用法： 1. 能接同位语从句的名词：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等等。 2. that引导的同位语从句

　　e.g. We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.

　　The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve. 温馨提示

　　同位语从句通常由that引导，但根据接同位语的名词不同，也可由whether, when, who, how, what, why等引导。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.

　　The question who was to blame has

　　never been settled. （七）引导名词性从句只用whether 不用if的情况 1. 引导主语从句置于句首时：

　　e.g. Whether he can finish the work on

　　time is not clear. 2. 引导表语从句时：

　　e.g. The problem is whether the meeting

　　will be held. 3. 引导同位语从句时：

　　e.g. I have no idea whether he is willing to

　　help us. 4. 引导宾语从句前置时：

　　e.g. Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care. 5. 作介词宾语时：

　　e.g. We aren’t interested in whether he will agree with us or not. 6. 作动词discuss的宾语时：

　　e.g. We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies. 7. 其后接动词不定式时：

　　e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to

　　stay? 8. 与or not直接连用时，用whether，即whether or not，如果分开时，两者都可以，即whether/ if... or not。

　　e.g. I don’t care whether or not he has a

　　holiday.

　　＝I don’t care whether/ if he has a

　　holiday or not. （八）同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1. 同位语从句既“说明、修饰”先行词，又“等同”于先行词。定语从句“修饰、限制”先行词，由“关系词”替代先行词，在从句中充当成分。

　　e.g. We are delighted at the news that we

　　are going to spend our summer

　　vacation in Dalian.

　　(同位语从句)

　　Neither of us showed any interest in

　　the news that John told us yesterday.

　　(定语从句) 2. that在从句中的作用

　　同位语从句中that为连接词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，一般也不能省略；定语从句中的that为关系代词，在从句中充当句子成分，可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时常可省略。

　　e.g. The news (that) he told me surprised

　　me. (定语从句)

　　The news that he gave in surprised

　　me. (同位语从句) 3. 其他引导词的使用

　　引导同位语从句的词除连接词that外，还可用whether，连接代词who，what及连接副词when, where, how, why等；引导定语从句的词除that外，还有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, as以及关系副词when, where, why。 （九） wh-ever和“no matter＋wh-”

　　wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。 e.g. Whatever/ No matter what I said，he

　　wouldn’t listen to me.

　　(让步状语从句)

　　He would believe whatever/ anything

　　that I said.

　　(宾语从句)

　　名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用，主语、谓语的语序，双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括：

　　1. 名词性从句的连接词。如：有词义的连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词when, where, why, how; 从属连词that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。

　　2. 名词性从句的语序和时态。 3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。

　　如： 1) It＋be＋形容词＋that从句 2) It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 3) It＋be＋名词＋that从句 4) It＋不及物动词(appear, happen等)＋that从句 4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如： 1) It is (was)＋essential (important, natural…)＋that…；

　　2) It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…) that…等。

　　5. what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如：what＝the thing that/ anything that…；what＝the place that…；what＝the time that…；what＝the person that…等。 6. whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。

　　重点考查连接词that, what的用法； 特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句； wh-ever引导的名词性从句。

　　从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入 空白处的最佳选项。 The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal.?

　　A. where?????????????? ?????? B. when ???????

　　C. how??? ???????????????????? D. why B 2. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me. ? A. what?? ???????????????????? B. how??????????

　　C. that ?? ???????????????????? D. whether 3. Some people believe _____ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.

　　A. whatever??? ??????????? B. whenever??

　　C. wherever ? ???????????? D. however A A 4. It is difficult for us to imagine _____ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.?

　　A. where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. what??

　　C. which??????? ????????????? D. why

　　5. _____ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.?

　　A. Why ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. When?

　　C. That?????????? ????????????? D. What B B 6. I think _____ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.?

　　A. what ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. that?? ?????

　　C. which ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. who 7. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.?

　　A. how ?????????????????????? B. that? ???????

　　C. which ?????????????????? D. whether B A 8.? I have no idea _____ the cell phone isn’t working, so could you fix it for me???

　　A. what ?????????????? ?????? B. why ????????

　　C. if ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. which 9. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _____ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.

　　A. where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. whether ???

　　C. that ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. why

　　B B 10. Scientists study _____ human brains work to make computers.? A. when? ????? ????????????? B. how?????? ?????

　　C. that?? ????? ????????????? D. whether B （一） 名词性从句的结构和功能

　　名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构：以that引导的从句；以whether/ if引导的从句，以特殊疑问词引导的从句；以what或wh-ever等连接代词引导的名词性关系从句。此外，as if/ as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表： （二）名词性从句的连接词

　　引导名词性从句的连接词有：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。 1. 从属连词：that(本身无意义)，whether(是否)，if(是否)。只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分。 2. 连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等。它们除起连接作用外，还可在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 3. 连接副词：when(＝the time when什么时候，何时)，where(＝the place where什么地方，何地)，how(＝the way that/in which怎样，以……方式，如何)，why＝the reason why为什么)。它们除起连接作用，还在从句中作状语。 温馨提示 what与that引导名词性从句的区别： 1. what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语和表语，意义上相当于the thing(s) that，引导主语从句时，其谓语动词的单复数依句意而定。

　　e.g. What the lecturer said is very valuable.

　　We wonder what he will do next. 2. that引导名词性从句不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义。引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数，引导宾语从句时，常被省略。

　　e.g. That she will refuse the offer seems

　　unlikely.

　　I have found (that) all the tickets have

　　been sold out.

　　It is a pity that you missed such a fine

　　talk. （三）主语从句 1. 主语从句的基本用法 1) that引导的主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，that起连接作用，无词义，在从句中不作成分，一般不能省略。

　　e.g. That we are invited to a concert this

　　evening is good news to us.

　　＝It is good news to us that we are

　　invited to a concert this evening. 2) whether引导的主语从句可放在句首，也可放在句尾；if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要it作形式主语。whether/ if 起连接作用，“是否”，在从句中不作成分。

　　e.g. Whether he will go there or not is not

　　clear.

　　It is doubtful whether/ if the work

　　can be completed. 3) wh-类连接词引导的主语从句：

　　wh-类连接词包括wh-类的连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等)。what, when和wh-ever类的词有时可不表疑问。wh-类连接代词在句中既起连接作用，又可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。wh-类连接副词在句中起连接作用，在从句中可充当时间、地点、原因、方式状语。 2. 主语从句的单复数问题 1) 从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

　　e.g. That he will come and help us is certain.

　　Who will go to the energy conference is

　　not important. 2) what引导的从句作主语，表示单数概念，谓语动词一般用单数形式；表示复数概念，则谓语动词常用复数。

　　e.g. What he said is true.

　　What he needs are books.

　　（四） 宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的基本用法： 1) 动词后接宾语从句的用法：

　　e.g. I know that he is friendly and

　　hospitable.

　　Go to stamp sales and buy whatever

　　you can afford. 温馨提示 doubt, doubtful与sure后名词性从句连接词 that, whether, if的选择。 ①当doubt, doubtful用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if；当doubt, doubtful用于否定句或疑问句时，后面名词性从句的连接词用that。

　　e.g. I doubt whether/ if he is at home.

　　We don’t doubt that they can complete

　　the task ahead of time.

　　It is doubtful whether it is true or not.

　　②当be sure用于肯定句时，后面的宾语从句的连接词常用that；当be sure用于否定句时，后面的宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if。

　　e.g. We are sure that he is innocent.

　　The old man didn’t seem to be sure

　　whether/ if he had met me. 2) 介词及形容词后接宾语从句的用法：

　　e.g. We are talking about whether we

　　admit students into our club.

　　He was interested in whatever he saw there.

　　He is pleased that he has passed a tough test. 温馨提示 ①一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。

　　e.g. I am surprised at what he said. ②介词后如果接that从句，要先加上it，再加that从句，即“介词＋it＋that...”结构。

　　e.g. You may depend on it that they will

　　support you. ③介词except, but, besides及in后可接that从句。

　　e.g. I know nothing about him except

　　that he lives here. ④常接宾语从句的形容词有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry等。

　　e.g. I’m afraid he won’t attend our

　　wedding. 3) that引导的宾语从句： e.g. We are glad that so many old friends will

　　attend our tea party.

　　The headmaster said that the school

　　reports had been sent off. 温馨提示

　　在suggest, demand, order, insist等动词之后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，“(should＋)动词原形”。 e.g. He suggested that we (should) set about

　　doing the work at once. 4) whether/ if 引导的宾语从句：

　　e.g. I’ll try to find out whether/ if the

　　machine is in good condition. 温馨提示 ①whether/ if引导宾语从句表示“是否”的意思时，一般情况下可互换。 ②if引导宾语从句时可以有否定式，而whether从句则没有。

　　e.g. I don’t care if he doesn’t come. 5) 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句：

　　由who, what, how, which, whose, where, why等词引导的宾语从句，可作动词、介词及形容词的宾语。

　　e.g. I can’t imagine how he did it.

　　We are worrying about what we

　　should do next.

　　I wasn’t certain whose house I was

　　in. 温馨提示

　　如果疑问词是介词的宾语，介词可位于从句句首或句末。 e.g. I didn’t know in which building they

　　lived.

　　＝I didn’t know which building they

　　lived in. 2. 宾语从句的时态 1) 主句为现在或将来时态

　　主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。

　　e.g. She says that she works from

　　Monday to Friday.

　　I know he didn’t tell you that he

　　would come then.

　　He will tell me what happened to him

　　during my absence. 2) 主句为过去时态

　　主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。

　　e.g. He said there were no classes

　　yesterday afternoon.

　　He asked me if I was reading the

　　book Red and Black when he came in. 3) 表示客观事实或真理

　　如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何时态，从句都要用现在时态。

　　e.g. The teacher said that the world is

　　made up of matter. （五） 表语从句 1. 表语从句的基本用法 1) 基本结构：主语＋系动词＋表语从句，常用的系动词有be，seem，remain，look等。

　　e.g. My idea is that you should make good

　　use of your time.

　　It seems that he has been to America. 2) as if/ as though引导的表语从句，系动词通常为look，seem，sound等，从句可以用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。

　　e.g. It looks as if it is/ were going to snow.

　　3) that和what引导的表语从句的区别：

　　that引导表语从句时，起连接作用，没有实际意义，不作句子成分；what引导表语从句时，既充当连接代词，又作句子成分。

　　e.g. Our plan is that we’ll go there once a

　　week.

　　That’s what he said.

　　4) 由连接副词引导的表语从句：

　　连接副词where，why，when等引导表语从句，分别在从句中作地点、原因、时间状语。