专题十一　名词与冠词

　　考点1　具体语境中名词的使用

　　1．There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some________and then let me know.(2024·安徽，30)

　　A．thought

　　B．support

　　C．protection

　　D．authority

　　2．One of the most effective ways to reduce ________ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2024·浙江，15)

　　A．production

　　B．stress

　　C．energy

　　D．power

　　3．Some schools will have to make ________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2024·江苏，32)

　　A．judgments

　　B．adjustments

　　C．comments

　　D．achievements

　　4．—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.

　　—I’d like to，but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ________.(2024·江苏，35)

　　A．requests

　　B．excuses

　　C．apologies

　　D．regrets

　　5．When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his ________ and had a bad fall.(2024·湖北，21)

　　A．balance

　　B．chance

　　C．memory

　　D．place

　　6．He gave himself a new name to hide his ________ when he went to carry out the secret task.(2024·湖北，22)

　　A．emotion

　　B．talent

　　C．identity

　　D．treasure

　　考点归纳

　　名词是历年高考中的必考点之一，通常是以完形填空选项和书面表达的形式进行考查，有时也会在单项填空中进行考查。高考对名词的考查，以名词辨析为主，四个选项大多没有任何联系，旨在考查名词在语境中的应用，所以对于名词的辨析题，一要掌握常见的几组名词的区别；二要注意不同名词在具体语境中所表示的特殊含义；三要会从该词的反义词、近义词角度去辨析；四要掌握名词的固定搭配，如set foot on，find fault with，keep pace with，put an end to等，这对于解答试题是很重要的。

　　解题方法

　　方法1　利用固定搭配和习惯表达

　　It is said that dogs will keep you ________ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.

　　A．safety

　　B．company

　　C．house

　　D．friend

　　答案　B

　　解析　句意为：据说，当你感到孤独时，你想要狗陪伴你多长时间他们就陪伴你多长时间。固定搭配keep sb.company 意为“陪伴某人，与某人作伴”

　　方法2　利用句子的平衡、对比等结构

　　To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their ________ and weaknesses.

　　A．strengths

　　B．benefits

　　C．techniques D．values

　　答案　A

　　解析　句意为：为了使队员更好地表现，教练首先要了解队员的优势和劣势。and后跟weak的名词形式，正好与strong的名词形式形成对比，符合语境。benefit利益，好处；technique技术，工艺；value价值，都与语境不符。

　　方法3　充分把握具体的语境

　　Always read the ________ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.

　　A．explanations

　　B．instructions

　　C．descriptions D．introductions

　　答案　B

　　解析　句意为：要仔细阅读药瓶上的说明，吃适量的药。药瓶上一般应是instructions“说明，须知”，即指导人们怎么服药，与后面的take the right amount of medicine的意义一致。

　　考点2　不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查

　　1．I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.(2024·重庆，3)

　　A．the；/

　　B．a；/

　　C．the；a

　　D．a；the

　　2．Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write ________ children’s book for many years，but one thing or another always got in ________ way.(2024·浙江，2)

　　A．a；/

　　B．the；the

　　C．/；the

　　D．a；the

　　3．Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be________ Beethoven.(2024·四川，5)

　　A．a

　　B．an

　　C．the

　　D．/

　　4．________ more learned a man is，________ more modest he usually becomes.(2024·陕西，14)

　　A．The；the

　　B．A；a

　　C．The；a

　　D．A；the

　　5．He missed________gold in the high jump，but will get________second chance in the long jump.(2024·大纲全国Ⅱ，7)

　　A．the；the

　　B．/；a

　　C．the；a

　　D．a；/

　　6．Dr.Peter Spence，________ headmaster of the school，told us，“________ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”(2011·四川，18)

　　A．/；A

　　B．/；The

　　C．the；The

　　D．a；A

　　考点归纳

　　1．不定冠词与物质名词连用，表示物质的“一种”或表示食品、饮料的“一份，一杯”或表示“一股，一场，一阵”等。

　　Longjing is a wonderful tea.龙井是一种极好的茶。

　　A strong wind blew off a lot of leaves.

　　一阵大风吹落了许多树叶。

　　2．不定冠词与抽象名词连用，表示某种动作的“一次，一例，一番”或表示人或事物等的某一品质或性质，有时表示引起某种情绪的事。

　　Do you care for a smoke？抽支烟好吗？

　　It’s a shame to lie.撒谎是不光彩的事。

　　3．序数词表示依次递增的新序数时，前面用不定冠词，而不用定冠词，这时表示的是“再一，又一”的意义。

　　I really must buy a second pair of shoes.

　　我真得再买一双鞋了。

　　4．序数词在句中用作副词时，其前不用冠词。

　　He was only a child when I first saw him.

　　我第一次见到他的时候他还是个孩子。

　　5．序数词作名词用，表示“第几名”或“属于第几”时，其前不加定冠词，但它有单复数之分。

　　He took a first in the exam.

　　他在这次考试中得了第一名。

　　6．在“a most＋形容词”中，most表示“很……；非常……”之意。

　　She told us a most touching story.

　　她给我们讲了一个非常动人的故事。

　　7．a/an＋比较级，表示“比……更……的一个”，是泛指。

　　The book is too old.Can you give me a newer one?

　　这本书太旧了。你能给我一本更新的吗？

　　8．在对两者进行比较时，可用“the＋比较级”结构。

　　The picture is the prettier of the two.

　　两张图画之中，这一张更漂亮。

　　解题方法

　　方法1　语境暗示法

　　在解答冠词试题时，要注意下面的原则：一是根据句子的意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指)，其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这样就能够根据句子的意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。

　　First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get ________ second chance to make ________ first impression.

　　A．a；the

　　B．the；the

　　C．a；a

　　D．the；a

　　答案　C

　　解析　句意为：第一印象最持久。毕竟你不会再有机会去形成第一印象。第一空后有second，在此表示“再一次”机会，而不是表示顺序，应用不定冠词；第二空后的first expression是泛指，也不是表示顺序，又根据题干可以判断impression在此处是可数名词，可数名词单数表示泛指时须用不定冠词。故选择C项。

　　方法2　准确翻译法

　　冠词a/an表示“一个，一种，某一个”，一般泛指任意一个；而the表示“这个，那个”，是特指。所以在大多数情况下，如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来，就能够正确地解答该题。

　　The café provided ________ satisfactory service for me，so I ordered ________ second coffee.

　　A．a；a

　　B．a；the

　　C．/；the

　　D．the；/

　　答案　A

　　解析　句意为：这家咖啡馆为我提供了满意的服务，所以我又要了一杯咖啡。序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second，third等词前加不定冠词时，表示“又一，再一”之意。根据句子中的satisfactory service，经过翻译可以判断出为抽象名词具体化，故用不定冠词。

　　方法3　固定短语搭配法

　　掌握冠词的习惯用法，冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很重要的。

　　There are over 58,000 rocky objects in ________ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto ________ earth.

　　A．the；the

　　B．/；the

　　C．the；/

　　D．a；the

　　答案　B

　　解析　考查冠词。句意为：太空中有超过58 000的岩状物体，其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短语，不用冠词，类似用法还有in nature，in society等；第二空后名词earth属于独一无二的事物，其前必须用定冠词。

　　提醒：完成作业　强化练(十一)

　　强化练(十一)强化练(十一)　名词与冠词

　　(建议用时：12分钟)

　　1．As is often the case，teachers’ ________ with parents involve complaints about children’s misbehavior and laziness in school.(2024·泰州二模，24)

　　A．acquaintances

　　B．negotiations

　　C．conferences

　　D．consultations

　　2．Since it is common ________ to copy others’ designs，the Council of Fashion Designers has recently urged the government to pass laws to protect designers’ rights.(2024·苏锡常镇一模，34)

　　A．practice

　　B．standard

　　C．sense

　　D．activity

　　3．Beijing has been addressing air pollution on ________ larger scale and with more investment to make APEC blue ________ state of “new normal”．(2024·无锡一模，21)

　　A．the；/

　　B．the；a

　　C．a；/

　　D．a；a

　　4．At the celebration gathering，President Xi expressed his belief that Macao will progress in ________ more steady manner on the right track，guided by ________ “one country，two systems” policy.(2024·泰州一模，21)

　　A．a；a

　　B．a；the

　　C．the；the

　　D．the；a

　　5．________ slow economic growth over the past two years seems to have worsened ________ situation for migrant workers and increased employee-employer conflicts over payment of salaries.(2024·泰州联考，21)

　　A．The；the B．A；/

　　C．The；/

　　D．A；the

　　6．Corruption is ________ problem in countries across the world，with developing countries often believed to be more serious，although there is no evidence to suggest this is ________ case.(2024·江苏百校联考，21)

　　A．a；the

　　B．the；a

　　C．/；the

　　D．a；a

　　7．One of the priceless treasures that Canada has is ________ fabulous scenery，especially in autumn.People appreciate it when maple leaves turn ________ beautiful red.(2024·镇江零模，21)

　　A．the；a

　　B．a；the

　　C．a；/

　　D．the；/

　　8．—We had ________ really smoggy December this year.

　　—I can’t remember ________ winter when air was polluted so severely.(2024·扬州质检，30)

　　A．a；/

　　B．a；the

　　C．the；the

　　D．a；a

　　9．Emergency supplies of food have been transported to the disaster-hit area as a ________ of sympathy to the victims.

　　A．relief

　　B．gesture

　　C．symbol

　　D．text

　　10．Ladies and gentlemen，please raise your glasses and drink a ________ to the success of the new company.

　　A．privilege

　　B．potential

　　C．toast

　　D．ambition

　　11．Jack thought that he had ________ gift for telling directions，so he didn’t take ________ compass with him on his weekend hike.

　　A．a；the

　　B．/；a

　　C．a；a

　　D．/；the

　　12．As we have expected，the boy who shows great ________ in playing badminton has been admitted to the sports university for his talent.

　　A．requirement

　　B．respect

　　C．addiction

　　D．promise

　　13．Sometimes it’s a bit challenging to reach a ________ between parents’ expectations and their kids’ desires.

　　A．commitment

　　B．comprehension

　　C．cooperation

　　D．compromise

　　14．2024 saw ________ sharp increase in productivity，much to ________ surprise of the administrative agency.

　　A．the；a

　　B．a；a

　　C．a；the

　　D．the；the

　　15．—I have ________ splitting headache，too.

　　—Yeah，you’re definitely coming down with ________ flu.

　　A．a；a

　　B．the；/

　　C．a；the

　　D．the；a

　　16．Thanks for the ________ you did me to repair my car.Otherwise it would have broken down on the way.

　　A．favour

　　B．good

　　C．support

　　D．Kindness

　　17．Many language experts think that the best way to learn a language is to spend time in ________ country where ________ language is spoken.

　　A．a；the

　　B．the；/

　　C．the；a

　　D．/；the

　　18．At that time，all of us were trying to maintain a tight ________，and spending had to be kept to minimum for economic survival.

　　A．burden

　　B．identity

　　C．budget

　　D．schedule

　　19．The study suggests that ________ second-hand smoke may be ________ terrible and under-recognized cause of heart attack deaths.

　　A．a；a

　　B．the；a

　　C．/；a

　　D．/；the

　　20．He managed to reach the summit of his career，but it was at the ________ of his health.

　　A．consumption B．credit

　　C．exhaustion

　　D．expense

　　专题十一　名词与冠词

　　考点1

　　1．A　[考查名词辨析。句意为：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。多思考一下，再让我知道。 thought思想，思考，符合句意。support支持，维持，支援，供养；protection保护，防卫；authority权威，权力，当局。]