易错点3　现在完成时与现在完成进行时混用 ①—What do you think of our plan to Beijing?

　　—I______it over. It’s a good idea.

　　②(变式)—What do you think of our plan to Beijing?

　　—I have no idea about it. I______it over.

　　A. have thought

　　B. thought C. have been thinking

　　D. had thought 【点拨】现在完成时与现在完成进行时区别 (1)现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响, 一般不表示重复性; 现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性, 强调的是动作本身, 可以表示动作的重复。 (2)由语境知, 题①表示“我已经考虑过这件事了”, 应用现在完成时, 选A; 题②表示“我一直在考虑这件事”, 故用现在完成进行时, 选C。 易错点4　语境关系把握不准 ①—I______my project by the time you come to London.

　　—Great. This way you can act as my guide.

　　②(变式)—I______my project by the time you came to London.

　　—I know. That was why you had time to act as my guide.

　　A. will have finished

　　B. have finished C. had finished

　　D. would have finished 【点拨】 (1)by the time引导的时间状语从句中若用一般过去时, 则主句用过去完成时; 从句中若用一般现在时, 则主句用将来完成时。 (2)根据以上原则, 题①选A, 题②选C。 易错点5　被动语态特殊结构误用 ①—What do you think of the selected essays of Long Yingtai?

　　—Oh, excellent. It’s worth______a second time.

　　②(变式)—What do you think of the selected essays of Long Yingtai?

　　—Oh, excellent. It’s worthy______a second time.

　　A. to read

　　B. to be read C. of reading

　　D. reading 【点拨】 (1)题①中be worth后接doing的主动式表被动意义。故选D。 (2)题②考查worthy的结构, 常用be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done。故选B。 6. (2024·浙江高考)Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she______most of the guests before.

　　A. has seen

　　B. had seen C. saw

　　D. would see 【解析】选B。句意: 索菲亚向四周看了下所有的客人, 她感觉大部分客人以前都见过。根据谓语动词looked, had和时间状语before, 可知是过去的事情, 而“以前见过”应该发生在这些动作之前, 即“过去的过去”, 故用过去完成时。 7. (2024·陕西高考)During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends______.

　　A. would recommend

　　B. had recommended C. have recommended

　　D. were recommending 【解析】选B。句意: 在西安逗留期间, 杰瑞几乎吃遍了朋友推荐的所有的当地小吃。recommend“推荐”发生在tried之前, 故用过去完成时。 8. (2024·浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs______sharply.

　　A. was increasing

　　B. has increased C. had increased

　　D. will be increasing 【解析】选B。句意: 近30年来, 参加健身活动的人数一直在急剧增加。during the last three decades近30年来, 这是包括现在时间在内的时间段, 是现在完成时的时间标志。 【解题技巧】 1. 掌握完成时态的基本用法:

　　(1)表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态, 其结果和现在有联系, 或表示持续到现在的动作或状态要想到用现在完成时。 (2)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作要想到用过去完成时。 (3)表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作要想到用将来完成时。 2. 看清明确的时间状语:

　　(1)看到by the time+一般将来时的句子, by the end of +将来时间短语, before+表示将来时间的短语或句子等要想到用将来完成时。 (2)看到表示“过去的过去”要想到用过去完成时。 (3)看到by the time+一般将来时的句子, by the end of+将来时间短语, before+表示将来时间的短语或句子等要想到用将来完成时。 3. 注意以下几点:

　　(1)在时间或条件状语从句中, 现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped(代替it will have stopped).

　　(2)非延续性动词在完成时中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 I have kept the computer for a year. (不能用bought) (3)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

　　(4)过去完成时还可用在hardly. . . when, no sooner. . . than, It was the first(second, etc. )time(that). . . 等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

　　考点4　动词的现在完成进行时态 【典例】1. (2024·陕西高考)Marty ______ really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.

　　A. workedB. has been working C. had worked

　　D. has worked 【解析】选B。句意: 马蒂一直努力写书, 他想他到周五为止将已经完成了。用现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行的动作。 2. (2024·福建高考)—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.

　　—He went to the library after breakfast and______his essay there ever since.

　　A. wrote

　　B. had written C. has been writing

　　D. is writing 【解析】选C。句意: ——彼得在哪里? 我到处都找不到他。——早饭后他去了图书馆, 从那之后一直在那写论文。现在完成进行时表示动作从某一时间开始, 一直持续到现在。 3. (2024·湖南高考)Since the time humankind started gardening, we______to make our environment more beautiful.

　　A. try

　　B. have been trying C. are trying

　　D. will try 【解析】选B。句意: 自从人类从事园艺以来, 我们就一直试图把我们的环境打造得更美丽。结合语境及题干中的关键词since, 应用现在完成进行时态。 【易错误区】身临其境选时态 (1)C项为现在进行时态, 表示现阶段动作正在进行; 在语境中体现不出动作从过去一直持续到现在。 (2)D项为一般将来时态, 表将来发生的动作, 与句中的关键句since. . . “自从……以来”语境不符, 未体现出动作从过去到现在产生的影响。 4. (2024·江西高考)—Tony, why are your eyes red?

　　—I______up peppers for the last five minutes.

　　A. cut

　　B. was cutting C. had cut

　　D. have been cutting 【解析】选D。句意: ——托尼, 你的眼睛怎么通红? ——刚才切了五分钟的辣椒。根据问句的动词are, 和答句的时间状语for the last five minutes可知应选现在完成进行时。 【解题技巧】 1. 明确时态定义: 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作要想到用现在完成进行时。 2. 注意时间状语: 看到all the time, this week, all night等时间状语, 以及与for和since引导的短语连用时要想到用现在完成进行时。 3. 注意以下几点:

　　(1)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。 I have been writing a book. (动作还将继续下去) I have written a book. (动作已经完成) (2)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时, 如know, love, like, hate等。 I have known him for years.

　　考点5　动词的各种语态 【典例】1. (2024·天津高考)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement______so far by the two sides.

　　A. has been reached

　　B. was reached C. will reach

　　D. will have reached 【解析】选A。句意: 尽管之前多轮谈判, 但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系。 2. (2024·安徽高考)It is reported that a space station______on the moon in years to come.

　　A. will be building

　　B. will be built C. has been building

　　D. has been built 【解析】选B。句意: 据报道, 人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。根据“in years to come”可知用将来时, space station和build是动宾关系, 应该使用被动语态。 3. (2024·福建高考)To my delight, I______from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

　　A. was chosen

　　B. was being chosen C. would choose

　　D. had chosen 【解析】选A。句意: 让我高兴的是, 我从成百上千的参加者中被选中参加开幕式。由句意可知应该是被动语态, 又因为被选中是过去发生的事情, 这里只是对过去发生的事情的一般描述, 故用一般过去时。 4. (2024·天津高考)We won’t start the work until all the preparations______.

　　A. are being made

　　B. will be made C. have been made

　　D. had been made 【解析】选C。句意: 我们在所有的准备做好之后才开始工作。until引导的是时间状语从句, 一般不用将来时; 这里强调完成, 故用现在完成时。由于preparations与make之间是被动关系, 应用被动语态。

　　【易错误区】将来时还是完成时 (1)误导原因: 受汉语影响, 认为做好准备是将来时。 (2)去伪存真: until引导的时间状语从句一般用现在时表示将来, 此处强调完成, 故用现在完成时。 5. (2024·大纲版全国卷)Unless some extra money______, the theatre will close.

　　A. was found

　　B. finds C. is found

　　D. found 【解析】选C。句意: 如果不能多筹集一些钱, 这个影院就要关闭。主句是一般将来时, unless引导的状语从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。此处从句中主语money和find之间是被动关系。 6. (2024·北京高考)Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ______into at least ten different films over the past years.

　　A. had been made

　　B. was made C. has been made

　　D. would be made 【解析】选C。句意: 莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》在过去几年里被制作成了至少十部不同的电影。时间状语over the past years与现在完成时连用, 且主语与make之间是被动关系, 故用现在完成时的被动形式。 【解题技巧】 1. 熟记被动语态在各种时态中的运用:

　　各种时态的被动语态 构成(以do为例) 一般现在时 am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were done 一般将来时 shall/will be done 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 过去进行时 was/were being done 现在完成时 have/has been done 过去完成时 had been done 将来完成时 shall/will have been done 2. 主动结构表达被动意义的特殊动词:

　　(1)系动词类, 如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear, become, grow, turn, remain, stay, keep等。 The theory proved to be correct. 这个理论被证明是正确的。 (2)表示主语特征的词, 如read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock, cook等, 常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副词连用。 This kind of cloth washes easily.

　　3. 主动形式表示被动意义:

　　(1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面, 动名词主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired.

　　(2)在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词十不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这类形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。 The problem is difficult to work out.

　　(3)有些不及物动词和短语动词如break out, add up, happen, occur, spread, take place, belong to等本身就含有汉语译文中所表达的被动意义。 Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978.

　　(4)不定式作定语, 与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系, 且与句中的主语或另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时, 不定式使用主动结构表达被动意义。 He had an important meeting to attend. (句中to attend与meeting有逻辑上的动宾关系; 主语he与to attend有逻辑上的主谓关系) The next thing(for you)to do is to carry the boxes away. (句中to do与thing有逻辑上的动宾关系; you与to do有逻辑上的主谓关系) (5)在“too+adj. +不定式”或“adj. +enough +不定式”结构中, 如句中主语与不定式之间有逻辑上的动宾关系时, 不定式通常用主动结构表达被动意义。常用于此结构的形容词有: hard, difficult, easy, heavy, light, fit, right, wrong, good, important等。 The box is too heavy(for you)to carry.

　　4. 被动结构表示主动含义:

　　get married结婚; be addicted to sth. 沉溺于; be seated坐着; be lost in thought沉思着; be devoted to sth. 投身于, 专注于。 They got married last month.

　　5. 常用被动语态的几个固定句型:

　　(1)It is believed/said/reported/hoped/supposed that. . .

　　据信/据说/据报道/人们希望/人们认为…… (2)It must be pointed out that. . . 必须指出…… (3)It is generally considered that. . . 一般认为…… (4)It is well known that. . . 大家都知道…… (5)It must be admitted that. . . 必须承认…… 【误区纠偏】 易错点1　一般过去时与现在完成时混用 ①—Tom, would you like to see the filmFurious7 with me tonight?

　　—Oh, it’s excellent, but I________it.

　　②(变式)—Tom, would you like to see the filmFurious7 with me tonight?

　　—Oh, I________it last week. But it’s worth seeing again.

　　A. seeB. sawC. have seenD. had seen 【点拨】一般过去时与现在完成时区别 (1)一般过去时仅表示过去发生的并已经完成的动作, 不与现在有任何联系; 而现在完成时虽然动作发生在过去但对现在造成了影响或动作仍然在持续, 均与现在有联系。 (2)题①语境中的动作已经发生并对现在造成影响, 故用现在完成时, 表示“我已经看过(对现在产生的影响是现在不想再看)”, 故选C。题②根据关键信息last week可知此处时态用一般过去时, 表示过去“看”的动作与现在无关, 故选B。 易错点2　一般过去时与过去进行时混用 ①She________her hand before she got on the train.

　　②(变式)She________her hand and then got on the train.

　　A. has waved

　　B. would wave C. waved

　　D. was waving 【点拨】一般过去时与过去进行时区别 (1)一般过去时表示过去只做一次的动作; 而过去进行时可以表示过去反复发生的动作。 (2)题①中表示在她上火车前不断地挥手, 即过去反复发生的动作, 故选D。题②中表示她先挥手再上火车, 是并列的一次动作, 故用一般过去时, 应选C。 第5讲 动词的时态和语态 考点1　动词的一般时态 【典例】1. (2024·江苏高考)The reason why prices______, and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

　　A. were　B. will be　C. have been　D. had been 【解析】选A。句意: 价格过去和现在依然很高的原因是复杂的, 简短的讨论不能满意地解释这个问题。和and still are相对应, 空格处说明的是过去的情况, 故用一般过去时。 2. (2024·重庆高考)—Is Peter coming?

　　—No, he______his mind after a phone call at the last minute.

　　A. changes

　　B. changed C. was changing

　　D. had changed 【解析】选B。句意: ——彼得来吗? ——不来, 刚才接到一个电话后他在最后一刻改变主意了。由时间状语at the last minute知, 表示过去发生的事需用一般过去时。 3. (2024·北京高考)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

　　—All right. I______him later.

　　A. will call

　　B. have called C. call

　　D will be calling 【解析】选A。句意: ——Dr. Jackson现在不在办公室。——好的, 我待会儿再打给他。由later可知, 表示的是将来要执行的动作, 故用一般将来时。 4. (2024·湖南高考)As you go through this book, you______that each of the millions of people who lived through World WarⅡ had a different experience.

　　A. will find

　　B. found C. had found

　　D. have found 【解析】选A。句意: 当你在浏览这本书的时候, 你将发现数百万经历过第二次世界大战的人都有非同寻常的经历。分析句子结构得知as引导一个时间状语从句, 从句用一般现在时态, 主句用将来时态, 故选A。 5. (2024·重庆高考)You’d better write down her phone number before you______it.

　　A. forget

　　B. are forgetting C. forgot

　　D. will forget 【解析】选A。句意: 趁你还没忘你最好把她的电话号码记下来。before引导时间状语从句, 在条件或时间状语从句中要用一般现在时代替将来时。

　　【易错误区】一般将来时还是一般现在时 (1)误导原因: 表示将来的动作要用一般将来时。 (2)去伪存真: 在条件或时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。 6. (2024·江苏高考)—What about your self-drive trip yesterday?