专题八

　　定语从句

　　一、概念

　　在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。

　　The old man who / whom / that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.

　　其中所饰名词即the old man 称为先行词， 引导定语从句并在其中充当句子一个成分的词称为关系词(如上句中的who / whom / that)。关系词的用法与选择须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。下面分类讲解它们的用法。

　　二、用法

　　定语从句常用引导词有：that, which, who, whose, as, where, when, why。

　　1．that 指人或物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)

　　I like the books that were written by Lu Xun.

　　The student that won the first prize is our monitor.

　　2．which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)

　　These are the trees which were planted last year.

　　Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?

　　3．who指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)

　　The man who visited our school yesterday is Mr Brown.

　　He is the man who I want to work with.

　　4．whose 指人或物，作定语，表示“……的”，可转换为“of ＋关系代词”。

　　Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing.

　　I saw some trees whose leaves were black.

　　5．注意that和which的区别

　　(1)先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing, something, no, some, any, few, one等时，关系代词只能用that。

　　We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.

　　(2)先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，用that。

　　This is the best book (that) I've ever read.

　　(3)先行词被序数词或者the only(唯一的)，the very(正是那个)，the last修饰时，用that。

　　The first book that I read last night was an English novel.

　　(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句的关系代词只能用that。

　　We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.

　　(5)以疑问词(who, which, what)开头的疑问句，为避免重复，用 that。

　　Which is the book that you borrowed from the library?

　　(6)关系代词放在介词之后，指物时只能用which，不能用that。

　　This is the factory in which we once worked.

　　(7)非限制性定语从句中，指代物或一种情况时，用which，不能用that。

　　This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

　　The baby was ill, which made the mother very worried.

　　6．关系副词 when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词， 在定语从句中充当时间状语。

　　Next month, when you'll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.

　　7．关系副词where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词， 在定语从句中充当地点状语。

　　She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.

　　8．关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason, 在定语从句中充当原因状语。

　　He didn't tell me the reason why he was so upset.

　　高考预测——限制性定语从句(介词＋which / whom)

　　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种，是我们学习定语从句的重点，也是高考的常考点。这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which和whom。先行词是物时，用介词＋ which；是人时，用介词＋ whom。介词后面的关系代词不能省略。

　　1．注意介词的选取：

　　(1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。

　　I called him by the wrong name, for which I should apologize.

　　Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?

　　(2)根据定语从句意思的需要，不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

　　(3)根据意思也可用复杂介词，如：by means of，as a

　　result of，in front of，in the back of，all of，most of，none of，the taller of等。

　　He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

　　There are forty students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard at a difficult problem in mathematics.

　　2．注意代词的选取：

　　在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词指代事物就用which；如果指代人则用whom。

　　This is the reason for which he was put in prison.

　　Tom has three brothers, one of whom is a singer.

　　3．注意关系代词的可替换性：

　　某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。

　　This is the factory in which I once worked.(in which可where替换)

　　I have forgotten the exact date on which this country became independent.(on which可when替换)

　　4．注意“介词＋ where”引导的定语从句：

　　有时我们可以见到“介词＋ where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词＋ which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

　　His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.

　　They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city.

　　5．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which / whom”引导的定语从句作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓常需倒装。

　　They arrived at a small house, in front of which sat a small boy.

　　I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.

　　6．名词＋ of which，或者of which ＋名词，代替whose ＋名词，在定语从句中作定语。

　　Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which( ＝ whose price) was very reasonable.

　　7．介词＋ which (指物)/ whose (指人)＋名词。该结构中，只能用关系代词which，不能用whom。which单独起形容词作用，修饰它后面的名词。

　　He might be ill, in which case we can not wait for him.

　　The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.

　　高考真题探究（2006—2011年）

　　【2011全国卷I) 31】The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. whose

　　D. what

　　C

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】本题主句中的先行词writer和从句中的主语story有所属关系，译为作者的故事，因此选C。句子的意思是：我们的奖金会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。

　　2011全国卷II）7】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.

　　A. this

　　B. that

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　D

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，首先排除A和C；根据空前的逗号可知，该句为非限制性定语扶句，排除B。该从句应用which引导，which在从句中作主语，代指前丽的整个句子。

　　2011北京卷）26】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.

　　A. who

　　B. which

　　C. what

　　D. that

　　B

　　【考点】考查非限定性定语从句。

　　【解析】逗号后的非限定性定语从句中缺少主语，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句部分的内容。选择which。

　　2011上海卷) 39】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. when

　　D. as

　　A

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】先行词为the bus station，从句中谓语动词hire后差宾语，故用关系代词which。

　　2011山东卷）32】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.

　　A. they

　　B. where

　　C. what

　　D. that

　　D

　　【考点】此题考察定语从句的引导词。

　　【解析】关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意为：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。

　　2011江西卷）34】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.

　　A. for which

　　B. with which

　　C. of which

　　D. to which

　　C

　　【考点】考察定语从句

　　【解析】先行词为museum，在从句中充当定语，博物馆的建造工程花费了超过三年的时间。介词用of。选C。

　　2011江苏卷）24】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. that

　　D. which

　　A

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】句意：音乐会的两大构成部分中间有幕间休息时间，在这段时间里观众可以去买冰激凌。When引导的定语从句修饰an interval，when在从句中作时间状语。首先解析句子结构，判断从句类型，题干说“在音乐会中间有间歇，此时你可以买冰激凌。”题干的前半部分完整无缺，后半部分补充说明这个间歇你可以干的事，所以这是一个非限定性定语从句，先行词为interval，非限定性定语从句的功能就是对先行词进行补充说明。由于从句部分不缺少主干成分，而且interval表时间，所以正确答案为A．

　　2011安徽卷）28】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.

　　A. when

　　B. which

　　C. where

　　D. while

　　A

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】句意为：剩下的任何东西都可以放入冰箱，在那里可以保存两三周。本题考查非限制性定语从句的关系副词。由句型结构可以看出，该题中的先行词refrigerator在从句中作介词的宾语，该介宾结构在定语从句中作地点状语，故选择关系副词where。when在从句中作时间状语；which在从句中作主语或宾语；while是连词，不能用于定语从句。

　　2011浙江卷）8】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently.

　　A. which

　　B. what

　　C. them

　　D. those

　　A

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】本句中的先行词是several diverse cultures，先行词在从句中做each of的宾语，所有应用关系代词which。

　　2011浙江卷）10】A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. where

　　D. there

　　C

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】本句中的先行词是the place.，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以应该用关系副词where。

　　2011福建卷）24】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. what

　　D. who

　　A

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere与修饰它的定语从句被for her students隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用which。

　　2011福建卷）33】It was April 29,2001

　　Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

　　A．that B．when C．since D．berore

　　B

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】去掉It was及that后，April 29，2011不可以单独作时间状语，所以不是强调句型。用when引导定语从句修饰April29，2011。

　　2011四川卷）17】The school shop,

　　________ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.

　　A. which

　　B. whose

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　D

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】此处whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词shop，在定语从句中作customers的定语。句意为“这个学校商店，——其主顾大多是学生，——因为放假就关门了。”

　　2011天津卷）10】The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. where

　　D. which

　　A

　　【考点】考察定语从句。

　　【解析】句意为：when引导定语从句修饰The day。are gone为插入语。句意为：全部靠体力挣钱谋生的时代已经过去了。

　　2011陕西卷）11】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,

　　__________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. who

　　D. that

　　B

　　【考点】考查定语从句。

　　【解析】先行词是hill，表地点，定语从句we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake .句子成分中缺少状语，所以应用关系副词where。，答案选择

　　2011湖南卷)25】Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently.

　　A. who

　　B. whom

　　C. which

　　D. that

　　C

　　【考点】本题考察定语从句中复合关系代词的用法。

　　【解析】介词后只能使用的关系代词是which, who, whose, 因为句子中关系词指代是语言，故选C；句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。

　　10福建〗Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet

　　life has developed gradually.

　　A. that B. where C. which D. whose2

　　B

　　〖考点〗定语从句

　　〖解析〗先行词为planet, 表示地点, 故用where。

　　10湖南〗I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school

　　I met in the English speech contest last year.

　　A. who

　　B. where

　　C. when

　　D. which

　　A

　　〖考点〗考查定语从句。

　　〖解析〗该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students, 且在从句中作met的宾语, 故选关系代词who, 即A项。

　　10江西〗The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.

　　A where

　　B who

　　C which

　　D what

　　A