杭州市2024高考英语阅读理解一轮基础练习（4）及答案

　　阅读理解

　　Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引发) this release，including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.

　　The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.

　　That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called

　　o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.

　　So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive (易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.

　　63. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?

　　A. Temperature change.

　　B. NIR light.

　　C. Acidity change.

　　D. UV light.

　　64. Why is ONB unsatisfactory?

　　A. It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.

　　B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.

　　C. It has not come onto the market up till now.

　　D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.

　　65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?

　　???

　　A. protected

　　B. formed

　　C. exposed

　　D. combined

　　【要点综述】这是一篇科技文。怎样使用胶囊？如何让吃药更加安全、疗效更好？文章对此做了介绍。

　　63. B　信息理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR，近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.”可知答案。

　　64. D　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“…ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown.”和“…and it could be poisonous to cells…”可知答案。

　　65. C　信息理解题。根据最后一段第五句“When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains.”可知此处用exposed，即C项正确。Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, “In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence”. Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?

　　First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱) . For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn’t in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.

　　Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) : stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name- calling, and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire. On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.

　　After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy (策略) for conflict resolution: listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non- threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.

　　Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn’t mean trying to figure out what’s wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid of? As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn’t, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.

　　There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn’t mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, “64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves”. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.

　　1. This article is mainly about　.　

　　A. the lives of school children　B. the cause of arguments in schools

　　C. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts

　　2. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that　.　

　　A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime　

　　B. a small conflict can lead to violence

　　C. students tend to lose their temper easily

　　D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight

　　3. Why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in Paragraph 5?

　　A. To find out who is to blame.

　　B. To get ready to try new things.

　　C. To make clear what the real issue is.

　　D. To figure out how to stop the shouting match.

　　4. After the conflict resolution program was started in Atlanta, it was found that　.　

　　A. there was decrease in classroom violence

　　B. there was less student cooperation in the classroom

　　C. more teachers felt better about themselves in schools

　　D. the teacher- student relationship greatly improved

　　5. The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to　.　

　　A. complain about problems in school education

　　B. teach students different strategies for school life

　　C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools

　　D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence

　　【参考答案】41.DBCAC

　　【山东省潍坊市2024高考英语一模试题】D

　　Today，we are told，children don’t spend enough time in the fresh air．Many of them are addicted to a screen either on a computer or a TV—they seem to be living in a virtual world．They have lost touqh with nature．

　　But now 400 rganizations in the UK，from playgroups to the National Health Service，are encouraging children to have some“wild time”．They want kids to swap at least 30 minutes of watching TV or playing computer games for time playing outside．Activities such as building dens, climbing trees, rummaging for conkers and playing hide and seek are just some of the things kids can do. Even if they live in a city，they can go on adventures in the garden or the park．

　　Children often need a helping hand from mum and dad．They need to be shown what to do and where to ．Andy Simpson from National Health Service says，“We want parents to see what this magical wonder product does for their kids’ development，independence and creativity，by giving wild time”．

　　So despite the complicated world that young people grow up in now，it seems that going back to basics and experiencin“nature’s playground”is what modern children need．David Bond from Project Wild Thing says，“We need to make more space for wild time in children’daily routine，freeing this generation of kids to have the sort of experiences that many of

　　took for granted”．

　　This might sound a bit old fashioned to you or maybe，like me，it’made you think about sticking on your boots，getting outdoors and reliving your childhood．There’ no age limit on enjoying yourself!

　　56．What is the best title of the text?

　　A．Wild time for children B．Benefits of wild time

　　C．More space for childrenD．Adventures of children

　　57．Children are encouraged to do the following activities exceptA．building dens B．climbing trees

　　C．playing hide and seekD．watching TV

　　58．According to Andy Simpson，know that

　　A．wild time is hard to design

　　B．wild time i beneficial for children

　　C．parents know the importance of wild time

　　D．parents like keeping their children indoors

　　59．What’ the main idea of Paragraph 4 ?

　　A．Modem children need wild time．

　　B．Adults value outdoor activities．

　　C．The present world is complicated．D．This generation of kids have no freedom．

　　60．The last paragraph suggests thatA．people li,ke recalling the pastB．it is out of date to go outdoorsC．it is too late for adults to enjoy nature D．people at any age can enjoy wild time

　　—60、ADBAD

　　【四川省2024高考英语仿真模拟试题】E

　　Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?

　　To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion(视觉影像)of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. If they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16-to 24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.

　　Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?

　　Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. If the experimenter took the train off the table and lifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted(替换)a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch(更换). Thus, the 16-week-old babies seemed to have a sense of “something permanence,” while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object. 47. The passage is mainly about ________.

　　A. babies’ sense of sight

　　B. effects of experiments on babies

　　C. babies’ understanding of objects

　　D. different tests on babies’ feelings 48. In Paragraph 3, “object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object________.

　　A. still exists

　　B. keeps its shape

　　C. still stays solid

　　D. is beyond reach 49. What did Bower use in his experiments?

　　A. A chair.

　　B. A screen.

　　C. A film.

　　D. A box. 50. Which of the following statements is true?

　　A. The babies didn’t have a sense of direction.

　　B. The older babies preferred toy trains to balls.

　　C. The younger babies liked looking for missing objects.

　　D. The babies couldn’t tell a ball from its optical illusion

　　【参考答案】47-50 CABD

　　较难题目特训：科普知识类

　　Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.

　　Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露) to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风) within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物) were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好) quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.

　　The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainlymodest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.

　　1. The text mainly discusses the relationship between　.　

　　A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercising

　　C. heart problems and smoking　D. heart problems and fatty food

　　2. The underlined word“modest”in Paragraph 3 most probably means　.　

　　A. relatively highB. extremely low

　　C. relatively low　D. extremely high

　　3. What can we learn from the text?

　　A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.

　　B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.

　　C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.

　　D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.

　　4. The author’s purpose of writing the text is most likely to　.　

　　A. inform　B. persuade　 C. describeD. entertain

　　【参考答案】16.ACDA