2024高考英语二轮（阅读理解）金品训练（08）及答案

　　Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds，chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’ s sweet smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees.

　　Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants.A tree under attack by hungry insects, for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away — or even chemicals that attract the bugs’ natural enemies.

　　Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor(传感器) called an electronic nose. The “enose” can tell compounds that crop plants make when they’re attacked.Scientists say the enose could help quickly detect whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses ，enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants.

　　The research team worked with an enose that recognizes volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds. Based on these interactions, the enose gives off electronic signals that the scientists analyze using computer software.

　　To test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all common greenhouse crops. Then the scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch (打孔器)．

　　The enose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber，pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage — by insects or with a hole punch — had been done to the tomato leaves.

　　With some finetuning，a device like the enose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.

　　[语篇解读]　植物会说话吗？植物如何“交流”？本文中的科学家们正在尝试用enose来测试植物受到伤害时的反应。

　　1．We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by________.

　　A. making some sounds

　　B. waving their leaves

　　C. producing some chemicals

　　D. sending out electronic signals

　　[解析]　事实细节题。从文章第一段中的 “Instead，plants produce volatile compounds，chemicals that...”可知，植物通过它本身所产生的一种化学物质来进行交流，所以答案选C。

　　[答案]　C

　　2．What did the scientists do to find out if the enose worked?

　　A. They presented it with all common crops.

　　B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.

　　C. They collected different damaged leaves.

　　D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.

　　[解析]　逻辑推理题。从文章第五段可知，为了证实enose的效果，科学家用受到伤害的叶子与健康的叶子来测试。所以选D。

　　[答案]　D

　　3．According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the enose is that it can________.

　　A. pick out ripe fruits

　　B. spot the insects quickly

　　C. distinguish different damages to the leaves

　　D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves

　　[解析]　事实细节题。从倒数第二段中的“But even more impressive，the device could tell which type of damage...”可知，最令人惊奇的是enose能够分辨叶子受到的不同的“伤害”。

　　[答案]　C

　　4．We can infer from the last paragraph that the enose________.

　　A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers

　　B. is not yet used in greenhouses

　　C. is designed by scientists at Purdue

　　D. is helpful in killing harmful insects

　　[解析]　逻辑推理题。从文章最后一段中的“could one day be used in greenhouses to...”推断可知，enose还没有运用到greenhouses中，由此推断B是答案。

　　[答案]　B

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　　A

　　Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was one of the most private women in the world, yet when she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life, she revealed （展现） herself as she did nowhere else．

　　After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate（巨头）Aristotie Onassis, Jacqueline’s close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career in publishing．After consideration, Jacqueline accepted it．Perhaps she hoped to find some ideas about how to live her own life．She became not less but more interested in reading．For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publisher’s editor, first at Viking, then at Doubleday, pursuing a late-life career longer than her two marriages combined．During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell to transform their popular television conversation into a book, The Power of Myth. The book went on to become an international best-seller．She dealt ,too, with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography，Moonwalk．

　　Jacqueline may have been hired for her name and for her social relations, but she soon proved her worth. Her choices, suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing and to Jacqueline herself．In the books she selected for publication, she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind．Her books are the autobiography she never wrote. Her role as First lady, in the end, was overshadowed by her performance as an editor．However, few knew that she had achieved so much．

　　41．We can learn from the passage that Jacqueline ____________.

　　A．was in charge of publishing 100 books

　　B．gained a lot from her career as an editor

　　C．promoted her books through social relations

　　D．became fond of reading after working as an editor

　　42．The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that

　　.

　　A．Jacqueline ended up as an editor rather than as First Lady

　　B．Jacqueline was more successful as an editor than as First Lady

　　C．Jacqueline’s life as First Lady was more colorful than as an editor

　　D．Jacqueline’s role as First Lady was more brilliant than as an editor

　　43．What can be inferred from the passage?

　　A．Jacqueline’s achievements were widely known

　　B．Jacqueline’s two marriages lasted more than 20 years

　　C．Jacqueline’s own publishing firm was set up eventually

　　D．Jacqueline’s views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited

　　44．The passage is mainly __________.

　　A．a brief description of Jacqueline’s lifelong experiences

　　B．an analysis of Jacqueline’s social relations in publishing

　　C．a brief account of Jacqueline’s career as an editor in her last 20 years

　　D．an introduction of Jacqueline’s life both as First Lady and as an editor

　　B

　　Pacing and Pausing

　　Sara tried to befriend her old friend Steve's new wife, but Betty never seemed to have anything to say. While Sara felt Betty didn't hold up her end of the conversation, Betty complained to Steve that Sara never gave her a chance to talk. The problem had to do with expectations about pacing and pausing.

　　Conversation is a turn-taking game. When our habits are similar, there's no problem. But if our habits are different, you may start to talk before I'm finished or fail to take your turn when I'm finished. That's what was happening with Betty and Sara.

　　It may not be coincidental that Betty, who expected relatively longer pauses between turns, is British, and Sara, who expected relatively shorter pauses, is American. Betty often felt interrupted by Sara. But Betty herself became an interrupter and found herself doing most of the talking when she met a visitor from Finland. And Sara had a hard time cutting in on some speakers from Latin America or Israel.

　　The general phenomenon, then, is that the small conversation techniques, like pacing and pausing, lead people to draw conclusions not about conversational style but about personality and abilities. These habitual differences are often the basis for dangerous stereotyping. And these social phenomena can have very personal consequences. For example, a woman from the southwestern part of the US went to live in an eastern city to take up a job in personnel. When the Personnel Department got together for meetings, she kept searching for the right time to break in--and never found it. Although back home she was considered outgoing and confident, in Washington she was viewed as shy and retiring. When she was evaluated at the end of the year, she was told to take a training course because of her inability to speak up.

　　That's why slight differences in conversational style--tiny little things like microseconds of pause-can have a great effect on one's life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problems---even in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.

　　45. What did Sara think of Betty when talking with her?

　　A. Betty was talkative.

　　B. Betty was an interrupter.

　　C. Betty did not take her turn.

　　D. Betty paid no attention to Sara.

　　46. According to the passage, who are likely to expect the shortest pauses between turns?

　　A. Americans.

　　B. The British.

　　C. Israelis.

　　D. The Finns.

　　47. We can learn from the passage that ___________.

　　A. one should receive training to build up one's confidence

　　B. one's inability to speak up is culturally determined sometimes

　　C. women are unfavorably stereotyped in eastern cities of the US

　　D. communication breakdown results from short pauses and fast pacing

　　48. The underlined word "assertiveness" in the last paragraph probably means __

　　A. being willing to speak one's mind

　　B. being able to increase one's power

　　C. being ready to make one's own judgment

　　D. being quick to express one's ideas confidently

　　C

　　Runners in a relay race pass a stick in one direction. However, merchants passed silk, gold, fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more than one direction. They earned their living by traveling the famous Silk Road.

　　The Silk Road was not a simple trading network. It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It started from eastern China, across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea. It was used from about 200 B C to about 1300 A D., when sea travel offered new routes. It was sometimes called the world’s longest highway.

　　However, the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not one smooth path. They passed through what are now 18 countries. The routes crossed mountains and deserts and had many dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles. Only experienced traders could return safe.

　　The Silk Road got its name from its most prized product. Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods. But the traders carried more than just silk. Gold, silver, and glass from Europe were much found in the Middle East and Asia. Horses traded from other areas changed farming practices in China. Indian merchants traded salt and other valuable goods. Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect on the West. Apples traveled from central Asia to Rome. The Chinese had learned to graft (嫁接) different trees together to make new kinds of fruit.

　　They passed this science on to others, including the Romans. The Romans used grafting to grow the apple. Trading along the Silk Road led to world-wide business 2,000 years before the World Wide Web.

　　The people along the Silk Road did not share just goods. They also shared their beliefs. The Silk Road provided pathways for learning, diplomacy, and religion.

　　49. It’s probable that traders along the Silk Road needed ________.

　　A. to deal with a lot of difficulties

　　B. to know the making of products

　　C. to receive certain special training

　　D. to remember the entire trade route

　　50. The Silk Road became less important because ________.

　　A. it was made up of different routes

　　B. silk trading became less popular

　　C. people needed fewer foreign goods

　　D. sea travel provided easier routes

　　51. New technologies could travel along the Silk Road because people ________.

　　A. shared each other’s beliefs

　　B. learned from one another

　　C. traded goods along the route

　　D. earned their living by traveling

　　52. What is the best title for the passage?

　　A. The Silk Road: East Meets West

　　B. The Silk Road: Past and Present

　　C. The Silk Road: Routes Full of Dangers

　　D. The Silk Road: Pathways for Learning

　　D

　　When we walk through the city, we all experience a kind of information overload but we pay attention only to those that are important to us. We don't stop, we keep our faces expressionless and eyes straight ahead, and in doing so, we are not just protecting ourselves but are avoiding overloading other people as well.

　　We make use of stereotypes as convenient ways to make quick judgments about situations and people around us. They may not always be accurate，and they can often be dangerously wrong, but they are used regularly.

　　The problem with the stereotypes is that they restrict experience. By using limited clues to provide us with a rapid opinion of other people or places we may choose to limit our communication. We may decide not to go to certain places because we believe they will not offer something we enjoy.

　　In the city, styles of dress are particularly important with regard to self-presentation. Different groups often use clearly identifiable styles of clothes so that they can be easily recognized. It is becoming increasingly common for brand names to be placed on the outside of clothes, and this labeling makes it easy to send out information about fashion and price instantly, and lets others tell at a distance whether an individual has similar tastes and is a suitable person to associate with.

　　In England, where social grouping or class continues to make social distinctions, clothes, hairstyles, people's pronunciation and the manner of speaking are all clues to our social group. Class distinctions tend to be relatively fixed, although in the city where greater variety is permitted, they are more likely to be secondary determining factors of friendship and association.

　　53. People walking in cities ignore the surroundings because _________.

　　A．there is too much information to take in

　　B．everyone else is expressionless

　　C．they do not wish to talk to other people