介词

I. 要点

1、介词和种类

(1) 简单介词，常用的有 at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without 等。

(2) 复合介词，如 by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of 等。

2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

(1) 和动词的搭配，如 agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about 等。

(2) 和形容词的搭配，如 afraid of, angry with, different from, good at 等。

(3) 和名词的搭配，如 answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to 等。

3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有 right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely 等少数几个副词。如：

He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school.

4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例

(1) at, on, in (表时间)

表示时间点用 at，如 at four o'clock, at midnight 等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用 at，如 at that time, at Christmas 等。

指某天用 on, 如 on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用 on，如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst 等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用 in，如 in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999 等。

(2) between, among (表位置)

between 仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用 between, 如

I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

The village lies between three hills.

among 用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

He is the best among the students.

(3) beside, besides

beside 意为在旁边，而 besides 意为除之外。如：

He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this?

(4) in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而 on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

(5) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法

(6) in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外

(7) in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

(8) by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车

II. 例题

例1. Do you know any other foreign language ____ English?

A. except B. but C. beside D. besides

解析：A、B两项 except 等于but，意为除了，C-beside 意为在旁边，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为除了之外，还有。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？

例2. He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

A. on B. at C. in D. during

解析：我们均知道，at night 这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词 on 来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。

例3. I'm looking forward ____ your letter.

A. to B. in C. at D. on

解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为期望、盼望。

连词

I. 要点

1、 连词的种类

(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如 and, for, or, both and, either or, neither nor 等。

(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如 that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as 等。

除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。

2、 常用连词举例

(1) and 和，并且

They drank and sang all night.

(2) both and 和， 既也

Both my parents and I went there.

(3) but 但是，而

I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either or 或或， 要么要么

Either you're wrong, or I am.

(5) for 因为

I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

(6) however 然而，可是

Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

(7) neither nor 既不也不

Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

(8) not only but (also) 不但而且

He not only sings well, but also dances well.

(9) or 或者，否则

Hurry up, or you'll be late.

Are you a worker or a doctor?

(10) so 因此，所以

It's getting late, so I must go.

(11) although 虽然

Although it was late, they went on working.

(12) as soon as 一就

I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

(13) because 因为

He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

(14) unless 除非，如果不

I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

(15) until 直到

He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于 not until 结构)

He stayed there until eleven.

(16) while 当时候，而 (表示对比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while 后不可用瞬间动词)

My pen is red while his is blue.

(17) for 因为

He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)

(18)s ince 自从

I have lived here since my uncle left.

(19) hardly when 一 就

I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

(20) as far as 就 来说

As far as I know, that country is very small.

You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

II. 例题

例1. John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

解析：该题意为：John 踢足球如果不比 David 好的话，那也踢得和 David 一样好。 和一样好为 as well as. 故该题正确答案为B.

例2. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. when B. where C. which D. while

解析：该处意为然而，只有 while 有此意思，故选D。

例3. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：该处意为或者，正确答案为C。

动词时态、语态

I. 要点

1、 一般现在时

(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与 sometimes, always, often, every day 等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.

2、 现在进行时

(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与 now, at present 等时间状语连用。如：

What are you doing now?

(2) 和 always, continually 等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：

He is always doing good deeds.

3、 现在完成时

主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如：Have you ever been to Beijing?

4、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 tomorrow, next year 等连用。如：

I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

We're going to see a film next Monday.

5、一般过去时

表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago 等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.

6、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday?

7、过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：

The train had already left before we arrived.

8、一般过去将来时

表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：

He said he would come, but he didn't.

9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以 give 为例。

时／式 　一般 进行 完成

现在 am is 　given are am is 　being are has 　been given have

过去 was 　given were was being given were had been given

将来 shall 　be given will shall 　have been given will

过去将来 should 　be given would should 　have been given would

II. 例题

例1. I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

A. had died B. died C. dead D. is dead

解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。

例2. The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

A. is looked B. has looked for

C. is being looked for D. has been looked

解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。

短语动词

I. 要点

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：

(1) 动词＋介词

常见的有 look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：

Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.

(2) 动词＋副词

常见的有 give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out 等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.

(3) 动词＋副词＋介词

常见的有 look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

(4) 动词＋名词＋介词

常见的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

(5) 动词＋形容词

常见的有 leave open, set free, cut open 等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

(6) 动词＋名词

常见的有 take place, make friends 等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：

This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

(7) 辨析

give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止)

put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭)

turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打开)

keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近)

make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认)

take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出)

II. 例题

例1. It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析：该题正确 uot；give away 意为分发；lay up贮藏。

例2. Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship

解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为保持联系。

例3. ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on

解析：该题选A. look out 意为小心。

动词不定式

I. 要点

1、 不定式的形式。以动词 write 为例。

式｜语态 主动语态 被动语态

一般式 to write to be written

完成式 to have written to have been written

进行式 to be writing

完成进行式 to have been writing

2、 不定式的句法功能

(1) 作主语

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.

(2) 作宾语

通常用于 want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help 等词后。如：I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

(3) 作表语

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

(4) 作定语

不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：

I have two letters to write.

I have a lot of work to do.

(5) 作宾补

通常用于 want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force 等词后。如：

He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his order.

(6) 作状语

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

(7) 作独立成分

To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

(8)疑问词＋不定式结构。 如：

I don't know how to choose them.

I cannot decide where to go.

(9) 不定式的否定式。如：

I decided not to go.

(10) 不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

(11) too to 结构。如：

He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去。)

(12) 主动表被动。如：

The book is easy to read.

I have a book to read.

II. 例题

例1. I haven't got a chair ____.

A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting

解析：该题选C。不定式 to sit on 在句中作定语，修饰名词 chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是动宾关系，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处 on 不能省略。

例2. He was made ____. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go

解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式 do 前的 to 不能省略。